L01 Review of

Z transform

Dr. Manoj kumar Rajagopal

Associate Professor
SENSE
 Relationship between Fourier and Z
transform
General form of Z transform,

X ( z) x[
n
n ] z n

where z = complex variable

j
z re
If we express z in polar form,

X (re j ) x[
n
n ]( re j n
)

Dr. Manoj kumar

2 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Relationship between Fourier and Z
transform ( continued )

x[n]r (e

X (re j ) n j n
)
n

j
X (re ) F .T x[n]r n

r-n can be increasing or decreasing exponential

depends on the value of r

If r = 1 it reduces toX ( Z ) | z e j
F.T X (e j ) F .T x[n]

Dr. Manoj kumar

3 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Z transform
Z transform reduces to F.T when the
magnitude of the transform variable z is
unity

So, Z transform reduces to F.T on the

contour in the complex Z-plane
corresponding to a circle of radius of unity

Circle in the Z-plane referred to as the unit

circle
Dr. Manoj kumar
4 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
Give a sequence, the set of values of z for which the z-
transform converges, i.e., |X(z)|<, is called the region
of convergence

| X ( z ) | x (
n
n ) z n
| x
n
( n ) || z | n

ROC
ROC isis centered
centered on on origin
origin and
and
consists
consists of
of aa set
set of
of rings.
rings.

Dr. Manoj kumar

5 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 x [ n] a n u [ n]

X ( z) a n

n
u[ n ] z n
)
( az 1 n

n 0

This form to find inverse

ZT using PFE

Dr. Manoj kumar

6 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 x(n) a nu ( n 1) For convergence of X(z), we require
that
X ( z ) a nu ( n 1)z n
n
1
z|
| a 1
| a 1 z | 1
a n z n n 0
n

| z || a |
n n

a n z n a z 1
n 1 n0

1 a n z n
n0

1 z
X ( z ) 1 (a 1 z ) n 1
n 0 1 a 1 z z a

| z || a |

Dr. Manoj kumar

7 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 What types of signals do the
following ROC correspond to?

right-sided left-sided two-sided

Dr. Manoj kumar

8 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Properties of ROC
ROC consists of a ring in Z plane centered
about the origin
ROC does not contain any poles
If x(n) is of finite duration, then ROC is the
entire z plane except z=0 and z= infinity
If x(n) is RHS, then ROC is outside circle
If x(n) is LHS, then ROC is inside circle
If x(n) is two sided, then ROC is ring
If x(n) is rational, ROC extends to infinity

Dr. Manoj kumar

9 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Inverse Z transform

1

n 1
x[n] X ( z ) z dz
2j C

Where C is a counterclockwise closed path

encircling the origin and is entirely in the
ROC. Contour C must encircle all the poles of
X(z).

Dr. Manoj kumar

10 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Determine Inverse Z
transform
Power series expansion
Long division method
Partial fraction expansion (PFE)
Via recognition (table look-up)

Dr. Manoj kumar

11 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z ) 3 z 3 z 2 z 4
( 3) ( 1) 4
X ( z ) 3z z 2z

X ( z) x [
n
n ] z n
x[ 3] z ( 3)
x[ 2] z ( 2 )
x[ 1] z ( 1)

x[0] x[1]z 1 x[2]z 2 x[3]z 3

Equating coefficients,

x[n] { ,0, 3, 0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, }

Dr. Manoj kumar

12 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Long division method
Sort both numerator and denominator
with
descending order of z first

3 z 1
X(z)
1 2z 1 z 2

x(0)=3, x(1)=5, x(2)=7, x(3)=9, , guess:

x(n)={3,5,7,9,11,.}
Dr. Manoj kumar
13 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Partial fraction
Step 1: arrange the given X(z)
X ( z ) as

Numerator polynomial
z ( z p1 )( z p2 )...( z p N )
X ( z) A1 A2 AN
Step
2: z ( z p1 ) ( z p2 ) ...
( z pN )

X ( z) z z z
Ak ( z pk ) X ( z) ...
z z pk
( z p1 ) ( z p2 ) ( z pN )
If it is multiple poles,
then
1 d nk X ( z)
Ak ( z p)
n

(n k )! dz n k z z p

Dr. Manoj kumar

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Rajagopal
 LTI DT systems
A discrete-time LTI system can be
represented as a difference equation of the
form:
a1 y[n] a2 y[n 1] b1 x[n] b2 x[n 1]
y[n] ( a2 y[n 1] b1 x[n] b2 x[n 1]) / a1

This is analogous to a sampled CT differential

equation
This is hard to solve analytically, and wed like
to be able to perform some form of analogous
manipulation through z transform
Dr. Manoj kumar
15 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Representing LTI system:
example
Consider the input signal

x[n] 7(1 / 3) n 2 u[n 2] 6(1 / 2) n 1 u[n 1]

We know that
Z z
a u[n]
n

za
So
2 z 1 z
X ( z) 7 z 6z
z 1/ 3 z 1/ 2
1 1
7 2 6
z 1 / 3 z z 1/ 2

Dr. Manoj kumar

16 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal
 Discrete Time Transfer
Function
Consider a first order, LTI difference equation
such
a1 y[as:
n] a2 y[n 1] b1 x[n] b2 x[n 1]

Then the discrete time transfer function

is the z-transform of the impulse
Z {a1 y[n] a2 y[n 1]} Z {b1 x[n] b2 x[n 1]}
response, H(z) 1 1
(a1 a2 z ) Z { y[n]} (b1 b2 z ) Z {x[n]}
Y ( z ) (b1 b2 z 1 )
H ( z)
X ( z ) (a1 a2 z 1 )
( zb1 b2 )

( za1 a2 )
Dr. Manoj kumar
17 L01 Review of Z transform
Rajagopal