Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6
Water Quality Modelling
(optional)
2-6 WATER QUALITY MODELLING
(optional)
Peter Kelderman
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education
3
Introduction: general
What is a model?
a simplified representation of a real system
5
1D model
6
3D model- salinity in an estuary
7
Basic terms
Input data:
geometry input data (model)
boundary conditions: values of unknowns at the boundaries of the
spatial domain covered by the model
initial conditions: values of the unknowns at the start of the
simulation (t=0)
external variables or forcing functions: values of quantities
affecting the model results, which are not predicted by the model.
Their values are taken from outside (e.g. meteorology data)
model parameters: acceleration of gravity, bottom friction, decay
rate,
8
Some remarks
A model can only be as good as the ideas/assumptions behind it:
Garbage in garbage out
All essential processes should be included; dont be over-
impressed by many sophisticated models often lot of window-
dressing. (Example: P models for shallow lakes that ignore P sediment-water
exchange maybe completely wrong results!)
9
Balances and differential equations
Mass balance:
dMass
change/sec Massin Massout processes
dt
E.g.:In a lake, if 10 kg/s of a pollutant come in, 5 kg/s go out and 3 kg/s go the bottom change = +2
kg/s
10
Simple decay calcultation
In words: decrease/sec is proportional to amount present
(If radioactivity decreases with 20 g/s for 100 kg, then it will decrease with 10*20=200 g/s for 10*100 kg = 1000 kg)
Separating variables: 1
dM kdt
M
M t
1
Take the definite integral on both dM k dt
M0
M 0
sides:
M M kt
Will lead to: ln kt e
M 0 M 0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
Exercise: Check that it wil take 6.9 days for the Mass to reach
50% of its original value M0 , for k = 0.1 day-1
13
Micropolllutants in Rivers
W = 500 kg/day
Q = 10 (m3/s)
discharge Qout
discharge Qin
concentration
concentration
Cout
Cin
reaction rate k
16
Oxygen Concentration pattern
BOD
load
DO
Diss.
oxygen
River axis
Major WQ problem, already investigated in 19th century
Major mathematical description: Streeter-Phelps model
(1925)
17
Major Processes
Sources of DO:
Re-aereation of oxygen from the atmosphere
Oxygen production/consumption by plants, algae
Sinks of DO:
Oxidation of BOD
Sediment oxygen demand
Oxygen consumption by respiration of algae and plants
18
Oxidation of BOD (1)
Assume CBOD and NBOD (NH4+ NO3-) have same
dBOD
dBOD
degradation rate.
kBOD
According to first order reaction:
L = BOD (g/m3)
dL
dt
k1 L t = time (day)
dt
k1= BOD degradation rate constant (day-1)
Solution: L L0 e k1t
19
Oxidation of BOD (2)
Degradation rate constant k1 for BOD :
k1 generally between 0.1 0.4 (day-1)
Dependent on e.g. type of organic material, river
characteristics, wastewater purification, time after discharge
Increase of about 4% per oC
20
Re-aeration of Oxygen
Driving force: Difference between O2 concentration and
saturation O2 concentration, in the water:
k2= re-aeration constant (day-1)
dc
k2 csat c c = Oxygen concentration(g/m3)
dt
csat= Saturation oxygen
concentration(g/m3)
air
water
21
Re-aeration of Oxygen (2)
22
Re-aeration in rivers
Value k2 dependent on:
Velocity river : k2 proportional to about V0.5
Water depth : k2 proportional to about 1/H1.5
Temperature: about 2% increase per 0C
k2 = 1.0 day-1
24
Sediment Oxygen demand
SOD (g/m2/day)
Bottom type and location
Range Average
U (m/s)
V
dx x
Ignore SOD
Ignore effect algae and water plants
Ignore differences between CBOD and NBOD degradation
dc
V rear oxidation Inflow Outflow
dt 26
Model equation
dc k1 x dc
k 2 (c s c) k1 L0 exp( ) U
dt U dx
Re- BOD decay inflow-
aeration outflow
(L0 is the BOD concentration in the river after mixing)
k1 L0
c cs exp(k1t ) exp(k2t ) (cs c0 ) exp(k2t )
k 2 k1
Dc = Critical DO deficit
1 k2 (cs c0 )(k 2 k1 )
tc
*
ln 1
k 2 k1 k1 k1 L0
(k2 k1 ; for equal values assume a small difference, say 0.01, in the
calculations).
1 k2
For cs = co : t *
c ln
k 2 k1 k 1
Example: for k1 = 0.3 day-1 and k2=0.8 day-1, tc* = 1/0.5 (ln 8/3) = 2.0 days
29
nimal Oxygen concentration
k1
C s C min . L0 e k1tc
k2
32
Numerical modelling
Streeter-Phelps model could mathematically be solved exactly
33
Example: Black River USA
Main river with two tributaries
34
Calibration and Verification
Calibration of a model: to fit the
Calibration
model with the real situation/data,
by trying out (realistic !) values Not
of input parameters k1, k2, kSOD , ok
Verification
etc.
Ok
Verification/validation: to check
that the model then also works for Use ok
of model
another, independent data set
35
libration and Verification (2)
36
Modelling accidental spills
37
Accidental spills
Short event of intensive pollution, due to an accident; examples:
Sandoz, Rhine, 1986: some 20 tonnes of pesticides were
spilt into the river Rhine, due to extinguishing water for fire at
Sandoz factory massive fish kills
ref: Dietrich (2008), lecture notes Sandoz Accident, University of Konstanz, Germany
http://www.umwelttoxikologie.uni-konstanz.de/Lehre/Lecture__Environ__Tox__I_/02_29042008OkotoxIBS4Sem.pdf
39
Accidental spill model (basic version)
1-dimensional
advection diffusion equation
M x Ut 2
C( x, t ) exp
A 4Dt 4 Dt
Q, U = river discharge/flow; D = mixing; diffusion parameter
40
Case Study: Danube River
The Danube River is 2857 km long and the basin covers 817,000
square km in 18 countries in the heart of central Europe. The basin is
characterised by large socio-economical differences. It stretches out
from rich Western-European states to some relatively poor former
Soviet Union Republics.
The river has a number of very large tributaries. The Danube water is
used extensively by the 85 million inhabitants of the basin. The basin
includes many important natural areas, including the Danube delta - the
second largest wetland area in Europe.
41
Accidental Spill
42
Cyanide Spill in Danube river
43
Results from hindcasting application : quite ok, but
14 some extremes missed and time differences
12
Balsa computed Balsa observed
Kiskore computed Kiskore observed
10
Tiszasziget computed Tiszasziget observed
Concentration (mg/l)
0
31-jan 2-feb 4-feb 6-feb 8-feb 10-feb 12-feb 14-feb
44