Liquid Droplet Vaporization

References:
Combustion and Mass Transfer, by D.B. Spalding, I edition (1979, Pergamon
Press).
Recent advances in droplet vaporization and combustion, C.K. Law, Progress
in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 8, pp. 171-201, 1982.
Fluid Dynamics of Droplets and Sprays, by W.A. Sirignano, I edition (1999,
Cambridge University Press).
The Properties of Gases and Liquids, by R.C. Reid, J.M. Prausnitz and B.E.
Poling, IV edition (1958, McGraw Hill Inc).
Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, by J.O. Hirschfelder et al, II edition
(1954,John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
 Mass Transfer I

DEFINITIONS IN USE:

density mass of mixture per unit volume [kg/m3]

species - chemically distinct substances, H2O, H2, H, O2, etc.

partial density of A mass of chemical compound (species) A per unit

volume A [kg/m3]

mass fraction of A A/ = mA
note:
A + B + C + =
mA + mB + mC + = 1
DEFINITIONS IN USE:
total mass velocity of mixture in the specified direction (mass flux) mass of
mixture crossing unit area normal to this direction in unit time
GTOT [kg/m2s], GTOT = u (density x velocity)

total mass velocity of A in the specified direction = GTOT,A [kg/m2s]

note: GTOT,A + GTOT,B + GTOT,C = GTOT

convective mass velocity of A in the specified direction

mAGTOT = GCONV,A
note: GCONV,A + GCONV,B + GCONV,C = GTOT
but generally, GCONV,A GTOT,A

diffusive mass velocity of A in the specified direction

GTOT,A GCONV,A = GDIFF,A
note: GDIFF,A + GDIFF,B + GDIFF,C + = 0
DEFINITIONS IN USE:
velocity of mixture in the specified direction = GTOT/ [m/s]

concentration a word used loosely for partial density or for mass fraction
(or for mole fraction, partial pressure, etc.)

composition of mixture set of mass fractions

Fick' s Law of diffusion experimental law
m j
G DIFF , j j
x
where :
j exchange coefficient of j in the mixture
x distance in direction in which G is measured

j Dj
D j diffusion coefficient of j in the mixture

j
kg

ms
m2

Dj
s


 mass flux in
-
z,w mass flux out
z
x ,u
x = mass accumulated
y y ,v

mass flux in uyz vxz wxy

mass flux out u u yz v v xz w w xy

mass accumulated in volume xyz : xyz , thus
t
u v w
0 while t 0
t x y z
u v w
t

x

y

z
0 or
V

t

where V u x v y w z
G
but G V , then for one - dimensiona l case :
x t
 The d2 Law - assumptions
(i) Spherical symmetry: forced and natural convection are neglected. This
reduces the analysis to one-dimension.
(ii) No spray effect: the droplet is an isolated one immersed in an infinite
environment.
(iii) Diffusion being rate controlling. The liquid does not move relative to the
droplet center. Rather, the surface regresses into the liquid as vaporization
occurs. Therefore heat and mass transfer in the liquid occur only because of
diffusion with a moving boundary (droplet surface) but without convection.
(iv) Isobaric processes.
(v) Constant gas-phase transport properties. This causes the major uncertainty
in estimation the evaporation rate (can vary by a factor of two to three by
using different, but reasonable, averaged property value specific heats,
thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient, vapour density, etc).
(vi) Gas-phase quasi-steadiness. Because of the significant density disparity
between liquid and gas. Liquid properties at the droplet surface (regression
rate, temperature, species concentration) changes at rates much slower than
those of gas phase transport processes. This assumption breaks down far away
from the droplet surface where the characteristic diffusion time is of the same
order as the surface regression time.
 Gas-phase QUASI-steadiness characteristic times analysis.
In standard environment the gas-phase heat and mass diffusivities, g and g
are of the same order of 100 cm2s-1, whereas the droplet surface regression
rate, K = -d(D02)/dt is of the order of 10-3cm2s-1 for conventional hydrocarbon
droplet vaporizing in standard atmosphere. Thus, there ratio is of the same
g liq
order as the ratio of the liquid-to-gas densities, . If we further
K g
assume that properties of the environment also change very slowly, then
during the characteristic gas-phase diffusion time the boundary locations
and conditions can be considered to be constant. Thus the gas-phase
processes can be treated as steady, with the boundary variations occurring at
When
longer (at which
time value of D) this assumption breaks down, i.e. when the
scales.
diffusion time is equal to the surface regression time? D2/ g D02/K, but
g liq D liq
. So, the steady assumption breaks down at such a distance that
K g D0 g
For standard atmospheric conditions it breaks down at D D0 liq D0 10 3 32 D0
g
For near- or super-critical conditions, where liq 0 1 its invalid everywhere.
g
 The d2 Law assumptions
(vii) Single fuel species. Thus it is unnecessary to analyze liquid-
phase mass transport.
(viii) Constant and uniform droplet temperature. This implies that
there is no droplet heating. Combined with (vii), we see that
liquid phase heat and mass transport processes are completely
neglected. Therefore the d2 Law is essentially a gas-phase
model.
(ix) Saturation vapour pressure at droplet surface. This is based on
the assumption that the phase-change process between liquid
and vapour occurs at a rate much faster than those for gas-
phase transport. Thus, evaporation at the surface is at
thermodynamic equilibrium, producing fuel vapour which is at
its saturation pressure corresponding to the droplet surface
temperature.
(x) No Soret, Dufour and radiation effects.
 Heat and mass diffusion from kinetic theory
J 1 n1 m1V1
n2
m1 m 2 D12 d 2 D1T ln T
Soret term

d 2
n2 n2 n2 m 2


nm
ln p 2 2

X 2
n1 X 1 n2 X 2


n n p m2
n1 n1 m1
ln p pressure gradient term
n
n1 m1

p



X 1 n1 X 1 n2 X 2

external force term
m1
n1
concentration gradient term (Fick' s Law)
n
n1 ,2 number density (number of molecules of species 1 ,2 per unit volume)
v 1 velosity of molecule of species 1 with respect to fixed coordinates
V1 v 1 v0 velosity of molecule of species 1 with respect to coordinates
moving with average velosity v 0

v0
1


n1 m1V1 n2 m 2 V2 ; n1 m1 n2 m 2

n1 ,2 m1 ,2
mass fraction of species 1 ,2

D12 binary diffusion coefficient
D1T thermal diffusion coefficient
 Heat and mass diffusion from kinetic theory
since J 1 J 2 0 and d 1 d 2 D1T D2T ; D12 D21

V1 V2
n2
n1 n2

D12 d 1 kT ln T
D1T
kT 2
n m1 m 2 D12
kT - thermal diffusion ratio, is a measure of the relative importance
of the thermal diffusion and ordinary (molecular) diffusion
kT 0 component 1 is moving towards the cold region
kT 0 component 1 is moving towards the hot region
n2
J 1 n1 m1V1 m1 m 2 D12 d 2 D1T ln T

in the abscence of pressure gradient and external forces becomes :
n2 n
J 1 m1 m 2 D12 1 D1T ln T
n
To determine we' ll concider stationary closed vessel, where
n1 n
D12 1 Fick' s second law
t x x
Heat flux without chemical reaction and radiation effect :

q T
kT D1T
n m1 m 2 D12

V1 V2 Dufour term
is determined in the same manner as D12 , i.e. experimentally :
T T
C v
t x x
 Rate of Mass flow rate of Mass flow rate of Rate of generation Rate of depletion
accumulation of component j into component j out of of mass of of mass of
mass of the system system component j from component j from
component j reaction reaction

Law of conservation of chemical species j Rj

similarly to continuity condition,
GTOT , j j
Rj
x t
R j - rate of production of species j per unit volume, by chemical reaction

differenti al equation for m j :

GTOT , j GCONV , j G DIFF , j m j
m G
j TOT j
m j R j
j m j x x x t

m j m j m j
GTOT j Rj
x x x t
 Law of conservation of chemical species j , particular cases :

steady conditions :
0
m j m j m j dm j d dm j
GTOT j R j GTOT j R j
x x x t dx dx dx
steady no reaction conditions :
0 0
m j m j m j dm j d dm j
GTOT j R j GTOT j 0
x x x t dx dx dx
if also is j constant :
0 0
m j m j m j dm j d 2m j
GTOT j Rj GTOT j 0
x x x t dx dx 2

the integral form of steady - state equation :

dm j
GTOT m j j R j dx const
dx
 The Stefan flow problem
Steady state air
x1
Vapour diffuses upwards and escapes
Air does not dissolve in liquid x Vapour diffuses

j is uniform 0

There is no reaction liquid

Known: Stefan flow

x=0 mVAP=mVAP,0=mVAP,SAT Molecules of the evaporating liquid are
moving upwards. They push the air out
x=x1 mVAP=mVAP,1 of the tank, thus no air is present in the
tank. Therefore, only the vapour of the
Find: liquid is moving (diffuses).
GTOT Where (for which values of x) do you
think the expressions for mVAP(x) and
mVAP(x)
GTOT will be valid?
 The Stefan flow problem - solution
steady, no rection conditions, plus j is uniform :
dmVAP d 2 mVAP
G VAP 2
0
dx dx
boundary conditions :
x0 mVAP mVAP, 0 mVAP,SAT
x x1 mVAP mVAP, 1
first integration yields :
dmVAP
GmVAP VAP const GTOT ,VAP
dx
note that only the vapour moves, so :
dmVAP
GTOT ,VAP G , GTOT , AIR 0; thus : VAP G mVAP 1
dx
second integration yields :
G
ln mVAP 1 x const
VAP
 The Stefan flow problem - solution
inserting boundary conditions :
ln mVAP ,0 1 const
G
ln mVAP ,1 1 x1 const
VAP
G mVAP ,0 mVAP ,1
hence
x1 ln 1
VAP 1 mVAP ,0
G
and mVAP 1 1 mVAP ,0 exp x
G VAP
x1 1 region of
VAP
mVAP ,0
validity
almost linear
behavior

mVAP ,1

1 x1
mVAP ,0 mVAP ,1 0 0 x x1
1 mVAP ,0
 Droplet evaporation I (no energy concerns)
The phenomenon considered:
A small sphere of liquid in an infinite gaseous atmosphere vaporizes and
finally disappears.

What is to be predicted?
Time of vaporization as a function of the properties of liquid, vapor and
environment.

Assumptions:

spherical symmetry (non-radial motion is neglected)

(quasi-) steady state in gas

VAP independent of radius

large distance between droplets

no chemical reaction
 Vapor concentration distribution mVAP in the gas.

Go G = GTOT,VAP (i) mass conservation

Gr 2 G0 r02
where
ro G0 - rate of phase change of liquid
r
per unit surface area
r0 - radius of droplet surface
(ii) conservation of vapour
GTOT ,VAP r 2 GTOT ,VAP ,0 r02 G0 r02
therefore from Fick' s law :
dmVAP 2
mVAP G VAP r G0 r0
2

dr
ie
dmVAP 2
VAP r G0 r02 mVAP 1
dr
 Solution :
rearrangement leads to separable differenti al equation :
dmVAP G0 r02 dr
2
mVAP 1 VAP r
after integrating
G0 r02 1
ln mVAP 1 const
VAP r
boundary conditions are :
r r0 : mVAP mVAP, 0
r : mVAP mVAP,
the solution for evaporation rate is :
G0 r02 mVAP, 0 mVAP,
ln 1

VAP 1 m VAP, 0
 the solution for vapor distribution :
r0 r0
1 mVAP 1 mVAP, 0 r 1 mVAP, 0 r

1 m

1 m

mVAP r 1 1 mVAP,

VAP, VAP, 1 mVAP,
0 1 1 mVAP, 0 , note that r r0
r0
mVAP r m VAP, r

the qualitative form of the distribution is as follows

1
mVAP,0

mVAP

mVAP,

r0 r
For the liquid droplet :
dmdroplet d
LIQVLIQ d LIQ 4 r03 4 r02 LIQ dr0
dt dt dt 3 dt
droplet surface (liquid) is moving towards its center, while the vapour
is moving in the outwards direction, so G LIQ GVAPOUR G0
dr0 dr G
4r02 LIQ G LIQ 4r02 , thus : 0 0
dt dt LIQ
or in terms of diameter, D0 :
dD0 G
2 0
dt LIQ
hence, reminding the solution for vaporization rate
VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
, the DE for D0 :
G0 ln 1
r0 1 m VAP , 0
t
D0
VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
D0 dD0 4

ln 1
1 m
dt

D0 ,initial t 0 LIQ VAP ,0
Solution :

If VAP , mVAP ,0 , mVAP , are all independent of time, then separating variables
leads to :
VAP mVAP, 0 mVAP,
D 2
D t 8t
2
ln 1
1 mVAP, 0
0 ,initial 0
LIQ
where D0 D0 ,initial when t 0

the time at which the diameter falls to zero, tVAP , is therefore given by
setting D02 tVAP 0 :
D02,initial LIQ
tVAP
mVAP, 0 mVAP,
8 VAP ln 1

1 m VAP, 0
A water droplet at 100 C vaporates into dry air at 1 atmosphere.
Its initial diameter is 0.1 mm. Calculate the time of vaporization.
Data :
m H 2O 0 .0075 for saturated air at 100 C and 1 atm
kg
H 2O 2 .6 10 5
ms
kg
LIQ 1000 3
m
D02,initial LIQ
tVAP
mVAP, 0 mVAP,
8 VAP ln 1
1 mVAP, 0

tVAP
0.1 10
3 2
1000
6.43 s
0.0075
8 2.6 10 5 ln 1
1 0.0075
 Limitations

mVAP,0 has a strong influence, but is not usually known, it depends on

temperature.

relative motion of droplet and air augments the evaporation rate (inner
circulation of the liquid) by causing departures from spherical symmetry.

the vapour field of neighbouring droplets interact

mVAP,0 and mVAP, may both vary with time.

VAP usually depends on temperature and composition.

 The Energy Flux
DEFINITIONS IN USE:
h j partial enthalpy of component j in a mixture
note that for a mixture of ideal gases :
T
h j c j dT h j,0
T0

where : c j specific heat of j at constant pressure, independent

of anything but temperature
h j,0 value of h j at T0
h specific enthalpy of mixture
h m j hj
all j

h stagnation enthalpy of mixture

V2
h h
2
where V is mixture velocity
 Q heat flux per unit area (caused by temperature gradient)
dT
Q
dx
where thermal conductivity of mixture (Fourier's Law)

The total energy flux E across a surface, per unit area, can be regarded
as the algebraic sum of individual components as follows:
E Q , heat flux S
WS , shear work
V2 E +dE
G , kinetic energy
2
hj GTOT , j , enthalpy flux E
all j

dE x
The I Law of thermodynamics stands: S
dx
where S is source from outside the control volume (eg by radiation)
 dE d dT dW S d V 2 dGTOT, j dh j
S G h G j TOT, j
dx dx dx dx dx 2 all j dx dx
here G GTOT , j
all j

dG
and use has already been made of 0.
dx
The genaration rate of species j per unit volume is R j . Therefore:
dGTOT , j dGTOT , j
R j hj hj R j
dx all j dx all j

and from definition of R j R j 0

all j

Because all the hj,0 in the definition of h j are constant:

d
T
dh j dT
GTOT, j
dx T j
GTOT, j
c dT h
dx


j ,0 G c
TOT, j j
dx
0
Hence, the D.E. for T:
d dT dWS d V 2 dT
S
G h R jG j c TOT, j j
dx dx dx dx 2 all j all j dx
 Note, that a flow-rate-average specific heat could be defined as:

G TOT, j c j
c
all j

G
dT dT
then the last term of the D.E. GTOT, j c j Gc , but in general,
all j dx dx

cc c m jc j
all j
To receive another form of D.E. for temperature, note that:
GTOT, j m j G GDIFF, j or c j GTOT, j c j m j G c j GDIFF, j
c G
all j
j TOT, j cG c jG DIFF, j
all j
but G
all j
DIFF, j 0, and

c G j DIFF, j cG DIFF, j c j c GDIFF, j

all j all j all j
0
Thus: c G j TOT, j cG c j c G DIFF, j
all j all j
Instead of the first form of the D.E. for the temperature
dE d dT dW S d V2
S G
dx dx dx dx dx 2
dGTOT,j dh j
hj GTOT,j
all j dx dx
we can now apply :
d dT dW S d V2
S G
dx dx dx dx 2 0, for the case of Stefan flow

h j R j cG
dT
dx all j

c j c G DIFF,j
dT
dx

all j

obviously, if c j c 0 or G DIFF,j 0 for all j , the last term vanishes

if the reaction rates of all the species can be linked to that of a single
species, the following substitution can be made :
h R
all j
j j H FU RFU

where H FU is the heat of combustion of the fuel

 Droplet evaporation II
Go (i) mass conservation
G = GTOT,VAP
Gr 2 G0 r02
ro where
E G0 - rate of phase change of liquid
per unit surface area
r
r0 - radius of droplet surface
Qo V2
(ii) Energy E Q W S G h j GTOT , j
heat flow to gas phase 2 ALL j
close to liquid surface
Er 2 E0 r02
dT
2
dT
r
2
GTOT ,VAP cVAP T T0 hVAP ,0 r0 G0 hVAP ,0
dr dr r r0
dT
together with Gr 2 G0 r
0 and
2
Q 0
dr r r0
dT Q0 2
r
2
G0 cVAP T T0 r0
dr G0
 dT Q0 2
r
2
G0 cVAP T T0 r0
dr G0

Solution :
Q0 G0 cVAP r02 1
ln T T0 const
G0 cVAP r
boundary condition is : T T at r
Q0
so const ln T T0 , putting T T0 at r r0
G0 cVAP
leads to


cVAP T T0 G0 cVAP r0
ln 1
Q0

G0
Alternative form of solution is needful when Q0 is to be found :
G0 cVAP r0
G0 cVAP T T0 Q0 r0
Q0 , or
Gc r T T0 G0 cVAP r0
exp 0 VAP 0 1 exp 1

this may be presented graphically as follows :
Q0 r0
T T0

y = -x

1 G0 cVAP r0
0
So, a positive G0 reduces the rate of heat transfer at the liquid surface. It means that if the heat is
transferred to some let us say solid surface, that we want to prevent from heating up, we should
eject the liquid to the thermal boundary layer (possibly through little holes). This liquid jets will
accommodate a great part of the heat on vaporization of the liquid. Thus, well prevent the surface
from heating transpiration cooling. The smaller the holes the smaller a part of heat towards the
liquid interior and, subsequently towards the solid surface.
 VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
G0 ln 1 - from vapour conservation
r0 1 mVAP ,0
dr0 G
0 - vaporization reduces the droplet radius
dt LIQ
cVAP G0 T T0
Q0 - from energy conservation
c Gr
exp VAP 0 0 1

From a heat balance on droplet surface :
overall heat to the droplet droplet heat up droplet evaporation
4 3 dT0
Q0 4r0 r0 LIQ c LIQ
2
G0 L4r02
3 dt
dT0 3
i.e. Q0 G0 L
dt r0 LIQ c LIQ
mVAP ,0 f T0 , pressure
For the atmosphere : mVAP , ,T const ,
dmVAP, dT
if not, two additional equations will be needed for and
dt dt
 Clausius-Clayperon equation for mVAP ,0 f T0 , pressure

dPV L RT
, vV
dT vV T MV PV
PV - vapour pressure at the surface, vV - specific volume of the vapour
R - universal gas constant, MV - molecular weight of the vapour
PV T
dPV 0
LMV dT
integrating 2
from some known point
Pn
PV Tboiling
RT
(say Tboiling at Pn , as T 100 0 C at P 1 atm for water) leeds to the
following expression for the vapour pressure PV at arbitrary
temperature T :
LM 1 1
PV T Pn exp V


R Tboiling T
assuming mixture of ideal gases namely vapour and gas (for the ambience)
according to Rault' s law :
PV T PG T
V and G
P P
where V is molar fraction of vapour and P is prevailing pressure
G is molar fraction of gas, PG T is partial pressure of gas

PVAP ,0 T0 Pn LM
VAP 1 1
In our case : VAP ,0 exp
P P R T
boiling at Pn T
0

VAP ,0 MVAP
while vapour mass fraction mVAP ,0
VAP ,0 MVAP GAS M GAS
 Linkage of equations
mVAP ,0 VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
G0 ln 1
r0 1 m VAP ,0

mVAP ,0 f T0 , pressure dr0 G

G0 0
dT0 dt LIQ
T0
dt

dT0 3
Q0 G0 L dr0
dt r0 LIQ c LIQ
dt
cVAP G0 T T0
Q0
Q0 cVAP G0 r0
exp 1

There may be two additional equations :
dmVAP, dT
and
dt dt
Equilibrium vaporization droplet is at such a temperature that the heat transfer
to its surface from the gas is exactly equals the evaporation rate times the latent
heat of vaporization: Q0 G0 L
dT0 3
This implies: Q0 G0 L 0 i.e. T0 is invariant with time
dt r0 c LIQ LIQ
cVAP T T0 G0 cVAP r0
substituting -Q0 G0 L into ln 1
Q0 / G0
cVAP T T0
leads to G0 ln 1 See slide A for
cVAP r0 L Q0G0L

VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,

from conservation of vapour G0 ln 1
r0 1 mVAP ,0
elimination of G0 leads to the following relation between mVAP ,0 and T0

mVAP ,0 mVAP , cVAP T T0 cVAP VAP
1 1
1 mVAP ,0 L
Generally speaking, there is no thermodynamic slide A
equilibrium at the droplet surface, and -Q0 G0 L H LIQ .
where :
L - specific latent heat of vaporization
H LIQ - energy needed for droplet heating per unit
mass of liquid vaporized, thus :
cVAP T T0 G0 cVAP r0
ln 1
L H LIQ
cVAP T T0
B - Spalding transfer number for vaporization.
L H LIQ
The " full version" of Spalding transfer number includes the heat
of combustion QCOMB - so - called chemical sourse in the numerator
(additional heat source towards the droplet surface) :
c T T0 QCOMB
B VAP
L H LIQ
 / VAP cVAP VAP diffusivit y for heat
Le
cVAP VAP DVAP DVAP diffusivit y for mass

c T T0
Le
mVAP, 0 mVAP,
rearranging 1 1 VAP
1 mVAP, 0 L
1 mVAP,
mVAP, 0 1

1
cVAP T T
0
Le

L

obviously, when T tends to infinity or L tends to zero,
mVAP, 0 tends to unity
The values of T0 and mVAP, 0 which are actually prevail should
1 mVAP,
mVAP, 0 1
cVAP T T0
Le

be calculated from : 1 L

mVAP, 0 f T0 ,pressure

 1 mVAP,
mVAP, 0 1
Graphical represanta tion of cVAP T T0 cVAP VAP
1 L

mVAP, 0 f T0 ,pressure

mVAP, 0 mVAP, 0 f T0 ,pressure

Clausius - Clapeyron Eq.
1
1 mVAP,
mVAP, 0 1
mVAP, 0 cVAP T T0

cVAP VAP

1 L

mVAP,
T0 T along this line
T

TBOILING T0
T0
Cases of interest:
(i) When T is much greater than the boiling-point temperature TBOILING, mVAP,0 is
close to 1 and T0 is close to TBOILING. Then the vaporization rate is best
calculated from:
cVAP T T0 cVAP T TBOILING

G0 ln 1 G0 ln 1
cVAP r0 L c r
VAP 0 L

(ii) When T is low, and mVAP, is close to zero, T0 is close to T. This implies
T0T. Thus, mVAP,0 is approximately equal to the value given by setting T0=T
mVAP ,0 f T0 T , pressure
in and the vaporization rate can be calculated
by:
VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP , 1 mVAP,
G0 ln 1 mVAP, 0 1

r0 1 mVAP ,0
1
cVAP T T0

cVAP VAP

VAP f T , pressure mVAP , mVAP ,0 f T0 T , pressure

G0 ln 1
r0 1 f T , pressure mVAP,0

mVAP,
As in example with water droplet
T
evaporating at 100C
T0
After calculation of T0 and mVAP ,0 the relation between droplet
diameter and time during the vaporization may be obtained
either from
c T T0
G0 ln 1 VAP The choice depends on whether
cVAP r0 L T0 or mVAP,0 is easier to estimate
or from
VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
G0 ln 1
r0 1 m VAP ,0 Evaporation rate [m2/s]

dr0 G0
reminding that :
dt LIQ
VAP mVAP ,0 mVAP ,
D t D
2
0
2
0 ,initial 8t ln 1
LIQ 1 mVAP ,0
D02 t D02,initial Kt
cVAP T T0
D02 t D02,initial 8t ln 1
cVAP LIQ L
 Qualitative results for D2-Law

D G0

TLIQ

mVAP ,0

time
 Droplet heat up effect on temperature and lifetime
Fastest limit Slowest limit
Infinite liquid conductivity model Transient droplet heating model
" distillation limit" " diffusion limit"
T0 f t while T0 TLIQ INTERIOR TLIQ INTERIOR T0 , TLIQ INTERIOR f r , t

dT0 3 0 r r0
Q0 G0 L
dt r0 c LIQ LIQ TLIQ LIQ TLIQ INTERIOR
INTERIOR
r
t r 2 r r
T (r/r0,INITIAL)2
1

Diffusion limit
380 Distillation limit
D2 Law

results for an octane droplet of initial

temperature T 300K burning in
Surface Temperature standard conditions (here LIQ VAP in
order to illustrate the difference between
Center Temperature two models)

Diffusion limit
Distillation limit
D2 Law
0
300
0.1 0.2 ( LIQ/r0,INITIAL2)t 0.1 ( LIQ/r0,INITIAL2)t