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v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
iE iC iB
Equations of Operation
Define as the ratio of collector current to emitter
current:
iC
iE
Values for range from 0.9 to 0.999 with 0.99 being
typical. Since:
i E iC i B 0.99i E i B i B 0.01i E
Most of the emitter current comes from the collector
and very little (1%) from the base.
Equations of Operation
v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
iC
iE
v BE
iC I ES exp 1
VT
Equations of Operation
i E iC i B
iC
i B i E iC i E 1 i E (1 )
iE
v BE
i B (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
Equations of Operation
Define as the ratio of collector current to base
current:
iC
iB 1
iC i B
The collector current is an amplified version of the
base current.
Equations of Operation
v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
v BE iC
iC I ES exp 1 0.99
VT iE
v BE
i B (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
iC
iC i B 100
iB 1
The base region is very thin
Only a small fraction of the emitter current flows into the base
provided that the collector-base junction is reverse biased and the
base-emitter junction is forward biased.
Exercise 13.1
A certain transistor has = 50, IES = 10-14A, vCE = 5 V, and iE = 10
mA. Assume VT = 0.026 V. Find vBE, vBC, iB, iC and .
v BE v BE
i E I ES exp 1 For operation with iE I ES iE I ES exp
VT VT
iE 10 2
v BE VT ln 26 mV ln 718.4 mV
10
14
I ES
v BC v BE vCE 0.718V 5V 4.282V
50
0.980
1 51
iC i E 9.80mA
i 9.80mA
iB C 196 A
50
Exercise 13.2
Compute the corresponding values of if = 0.9, 0.99 and 0.999
1
0.9
9
1 0.9 0.9
0.99
99
1 0.99 0.99
0.999
999
1 0.999 0.999
Exercise 13.3
A certain transistor operated with forward bias of the base-emitter
junction and reverse bias of the base-collector junction has iC = 9.5
mA and iE = 10 mA. Find the value of iB, and .
i B i E iC 0.5 mA
iC 9.5mA
0.95
i E 10mA
iC
19
iB
Common-Emitter Characteristics
vBC
vCE
v BC v BE vCE
if vCE v BE v BC 0 reverse bias
Common-Emitter Input
Characteristics
v
i B (1 ) I ES exp BE 1
VT
Common-Emitter Output
Characteristics
iC i B for 100
Amplification by the BJT
VBB vin t RB iB t v BE t
Load-Line Analysis of a Common
Emitter Amplifier (Output Circuit)
VCC RC iC vCE
Inverting Amplifier
As vin(t) goes positive, the load line moves upward and to the
right, and the value of iB increases. This causes the operating
point on the output to move upwards, decreasing vCE An
increase in vin(t) results in a much larger decrease in vCE so that
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBQ = 25 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40kiB v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.6
1.6V
v BE 0 and vin 0 iB 40 A
40k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBmax= 35 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.4 v BE 2
2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.4 i B 50 A
40k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBmin= 15 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40kiB v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.4 v BE 1.2
1.2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.4 i B 30 A
40k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
iBQ = 25 A
iBmin= 15 A
iBmax= 35 A
VCEQ = 5V VCEQ = 5V
iCEQ = 2.5 mA VCEmin = 3V
VCEmax = 7V
10 2k iC vCE
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.6
1.6V
v BE 0 and vin 0 i B 40 A
40k
Exercise 13.5
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 2.4
2.4V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 60 A
40k
Exercise 13.5
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t )
Find VCE max , VCEQ i Bmin 5A
and VCE min
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 0.8
0.8V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 20 A
40k
Exercise 13.5
i BQ 25A VCEQ 5V iCQ 2.5mA
i Bmin 5A VCEmax 9V iCmin 0.5mA
i Bmax 45A VCEmin 1V iCmax 4.5mA
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) i BQ 15A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.2 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.2
1.2V
v BE 0 and vin 0 i B 30 A
40k
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) i Bmax 35A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.2 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 2
2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 50 A
40k
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) i Bmin 1A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.2 vin 40ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 0.4
0.4V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 10 A
40k
Exercise 13.6
v BE
i E I ES exp 1
VT
v BE
i B (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
Exercise 13.7
Find :
For VCE 6V, i C 2.5mA i B 50A
iC 2.5mA
50
iB 50A
Exercise 13.8
vin 0 iB 0 v BE 0.8
0.8
vin 0 v BE 0 i B 100 A
8000
vin 0.2 i B 0 v BE 0.6
0.6
vin 0.2 v BE 0 i B 75A
8000
vin 0.2 i B 0 v BE 1
1
vin 0.2 v BE 0 iB 125A
8000
Exercise 13.8
i BQ 24 A
i Bmax 48A
i Bmin 5A
Exercise 13.8
vCE 9 3000iC
iC 0 vCE 9
9
vCE 0 iC 3mA
3000
Exercise 13.8