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Slopes
Practical considerations require that slopes
susceptible to sliding have their stability
improved to make the area usable and safe.
If loading conditions change the failed slope
can move further.
A variety of procedures have been
successfully used in the past to stabilize
slopes.
The following measures have been
successfully used to prevent slope failure
and correcting failed one.
Reducing the mass or loading that
contributes towards sliding.
Improving the shear strength of the
earth in the failure zone.
Constructing or installing elements that
will provide resistance to movement.
The procedure best for a given slope is
related to the type of soil in the slope,
the thickness and depth of materials
involved in sliding, the ground water
conditions, the areal extent requiring
stabilizing, the space available,
to undertake corrective changes, the
topographical conditions in the vicinity
of the slope, and the tendency for
changes such as the advent of seismic
and vibratory loadings to occur.
Where area is available, slope flattening
as shown in Fig.(a) can be performed to
reduce the weight of the mass tending
to slide. When it is anticipated that a
base failure could occur, resistance to
movement can be increased by the
placement of a berm below the toe of
the slope Fig.(b).
If the zone below the toe is
susceptible to severe erosion, an
occurance that would undermine the
toe area and remove earth that
provides resistance sliding, a
protective rockfill blanket and riprap
can be installed Fig.(c)
Removed soil
Original slope
Revised slope
Benched slope
Modified slope
Earth berm Gravel- rock fill Critical slip
circle
Zone susceptible to
(b) Berm provided at toe erosion
(wave action,etc)
if no protection
(c) Protection against erosion provided at toe
High ground water and pore water
pressures in the slope affect the soil
shearing resistance that can be
developed. Methods to lower the zone
of subsurface water and intercept
surface water to prevent infiltration and
erosion, and to reduce seepage forces,
are indicated in Fig.(d).
Where cohesionless soil exist, the
shearing strength of the slope material
can be improved through densification
by use of explosives or vibrofloatation.
Inceptor ditch for
diverting surface
flow
Collector drains
(Perforated pipe in
gravel-filter envelope).
Collected water can be
Lowered discharged below the toe by
Water table utilizing manholes
connected to transverse
drains.
in the slope
For cohesive soils, shear strengths have been
improved by consolidation, and water content
reduction has been achieved through surcharging
(which may include wick drains), electro-osmosis,
and thermal drying.
Grouting and injection methods have been utilized to
add cementing or bonding agents into specific soil
zones where a weak condition was critical to the
stability of the slope.
Driven piles, sheetpliling, and retaining walls have
been installed to provide lateral support and increase
the resistance of slopes tending to slide (Fig.e and f).
Install driven piles
closest to
slope first, back piles
last ,to reduce effects
of driving on slopes
stability
Building Basement
Shallow
Sub basement
foundations or
basement for
buildings below Deep
toe foundations or
basement for
buildings on
top of the slope
Deep trenches
(although they are
more commonly
shallow),