Etika Profesional

Skop dan Kajian

Why Professional Ethics

A single individual normally plays a

variety of different roles, all at the
same time.
With each role come certain ethical

obligations.
 Role Conflict: A situation in which a
person is expected to play two
incompatible roles.
For example, a boss will suffer role conflict if
forced to fire an employee who is also a
close friend
Role Strain- A tension among the
roles connected to a single status.
 The topics of professional ethics concerns
the obligation held by individuals in their
particular roles as professionals: how to
handle the problems of role strain or role
conflict?
 Company CEO:
How much is two plus two?
Firstaccountant: Four
Second accountant: Four.
Third accountant: How

much would you like it to

be?
Professional Ethics is about
Relations
Between practicing professionals
Between employee and employer
Between professionals and their clients
Between professionals and public

interest .
I am an ethical person, why
do I need to take a course in
Professional Ethics?
Short Answer:
Because Professional
is not same as
Personal Ethics.
 Personal ethics
Common morality
Professional ethics
 Personal Ethics: The set of ones own
ethical commitments.
Faktor penting yang mempengaruhi

pembentukannya: Keluarga, Rakan Sebaya.

 Common Morality: The set of moral
standards shared by most members of
a culture or society.
Faktor mempengaruhi pembentukan

Common Morality: Pendidikan,

Kebudayaan, Mass Media.
 Professional Ethics: The set of standards
adopted by professionals insofar as they see
themselves acting as professionals.
Faktor penting yang mempengaruhi

pembentukannya: ciri-ciri kerja :

pengetahuan, kemahiran, identiti tugas,
keertian tugas , autonomi kerja dan maklum
balas tugas
Ciri-ciri Etika Profesional
Professional Ethics are governed by
impersonal standards that are created by
their profession, stated in codes, and
enforced by law.
Professional Ethics are supposed to enable

the professions to better serve the public.

 They are applied to all professionals in
a given profession, regardless of their
personal morality.
Professional ethics requires a degree of

emotional separation (professional

distance) from the patient/ client/
employer. One relates to them as a
professional, not a person.
 Because professional ethics applies
equality to all professionals, the
patient/client/employed can count on the
professional to provide ethically
responsible service, even if the
patient/client/employer has no prior
knowledge of the professional.
Professional Ethics cannot work entirely

independently of Common Morality.

Vulture and Starvingchild
Kevin Carter
(1961-1994)
 The Story of the Photo
A vulture waiting for a starving child in
Africa to die so that it can eat it up.
This was taken by a photojournalist named

Kevin Carter in 1993 when he had gone to

Sudan to report about the famine. The photo
received lot of accolades and he was even
awarded the Pulitzer Prize for photography.
3 months after winning the Pulitzer prize,

Carter committed suicide

 Carter himself said he spent 20 minutes
adjusting the camera to take the best
shot.
The child was actually crawling towards a

food camp which was just 200 meters

away.
The St. Petersburg Times in Florida said :

The man adjusting his lens to take just

the right frame of her suffering, might
just as well be a predator, another
vulture on the scene
Why Learning Professional Ethics?
 The professional carries responsibilities in
general and in society.
This is because professionals are capable of

making and acting on informed decisions in

situations that the general public cannot,
because they have not received the
relevant training.
 Professional responsibilities include
concepts of morality, ethics, etiquette,
and professional values and attitudes.
Ethics is a crucial part of the idea of

professionalism!
Definisi Etika Profesional
Sebagai satu sistem nilai (norma) khusus
bagi golongan profesional.
Nilai ini dikaitkan dengan tingkah laku

yang sepatutnya diamalkan oleh golongan

profesional dan kriteria-kriteria yang
sepatutnya digunakan untuk menilai
tingkah laku.
Dijadikan sebagai justifikasi untuk menilai

profesion, profesional dan tingkah lakunya.

Profesionalisme
Tahap daya kecekapan atau rasa
tanggungjawab yang tinggi dalam
melaksanakan tugas dengan sebaik
mungkin.
Dapat dicapai dengan komitmen, minat,

kejujuran.
Profesion and Profesional
Profesion: Pekerjaan yang memerlukan
didikan yang tinggi dan latihan yang
khusus seperti dalam bidang
perubatan, seni bina dan lain-lain.
Contoh golongan profesion:

Doktor
Peguam
Guru
Akauntan
Arkitek.
 Profesional merujuk kepada individu yang
melakukan pekerjaan tersebut sebagai
suatu pekerjaan tetap dan sumber
pendapatan utamanya
 Menurut Martin dan Schiuzer (1996) dan
Bayles (1981) perkataan profession dan
professional hanya boleh digunakan
dalam bidang pekerjaan tertentu yang
memenuhi kriteria seperti berikut:
 Ilmu Pengetahuan pengetahuan dari segi
bagaimana dan apa . Kemahiran yang
sofistikated (knowing how ) dan ilmu teori
(knowing). Mencukupi dan mendalam.
Latihan intensif dan berterusan- Seperti
doktor, peguam, jurutera yang mana
memerlukan kursus bertahun-tahun.
Perkhidmatan penting kepada masyarakat
agar masyarakat dapat terus berfungsi.
 Mempunyai Badan Professional - Seperti
Board of Engineers Malaysia(BEM), The
Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM).
Bertanggungjawab menentukan standard
kemasukan
Menyedia kod etika.
Mengawal tingkahlaku ahli.
Pensijilan / Pentauliahan - Pengamal
mendapat sijil dari badan professional.
Bersifat Autonomi- Ada autonomi dalam
membuat keputusan penting dan penilaian
mengenai perkara yg berkaitan dgn profession
nya (Contoh: Jurutera membuat keputusan
berkenaan bangunan yang dibina)
 Autonomi
1. Hanya profesional sahaja yang
mempunyai kepakaran dalam
mengendalikan sesuatu kes
2. Penilaian yang dibuat oleh profesional

perlu bebasdari pengaruh luar demi

memastikan kepentingan
klien dapat dipenuhi
3. Memastikan kerahsiaan hubungan
profesional-klien dipelihara
Penentu Status Profesional
Perguruan di Malaysia
Masalah:
1. Pensijilan / Pentauliahan
2. Pandangan Masyarakat
3. Jumlah Guru
4. Skim Gaji yang berbeza-beza
5. Beban Guru
Tujuan Kajian Etika Profesional
Mempertingkatkan kesedaran etika dan
autonomi moral (kebolehan menggunakan
pandangan moral yang sesuai berdasarkan
asas-asas nilai kemanusiaan)
Prihatin terhadap masalah etika profesional.
Prinsip Panduan Umum