Summary, Conclusions

and Recommendations
Summary
- restates as briefly as possible the Statement of the
Problem, Importance of the Study, Research Methods
used, Respondents, Research Instrument/s and
Statistical Tools utilized in the analysis of data.
Major Findings
- major statements of factual information based on the
analyzed data.
Conclusions
- generalized statements in answer to the sub-
problems / specific problems raised, or the statements
of acceptance or rejection of hypothesis (if there is)
Recommendations
- drawn from the findings, conclusions of the study.
2 forms in writing:
Narrative form
Enumeration or outline form
Guidelines in Findings:
Enumeration of findings should follow the sequence of the
subproblems of the study
Only important major findings should be highlighted
Findings should be stated as cautiously as possible without
further discussion
The findings must be consistent with the analysis of data
No new data should be introduced into the findings if they
are not found in the analysis of data or not part of the study.
Guidelines on Conclusions
Conclusions should not contain numerals
No conclusion should be drawn from the implied effects of the
findings
Never repeat the findings in the conclusions section
Conclusions should be formulated concisely and briefly stated
but must convey all the necessary information resulting from
the study as required in the sub-problems.
No conclusions should be made that were not based from the
findings
Reference Materials:
Bibliography
- complete list of references cited or utilized in the
research study. It should be listed as follows:
A. Books
B. Journals and Periodicals
C. Unpublished materials (Thesis and Dissertation)
D. Documents (Legal Sources)
Note-bibliography format
- uses either footnotes or endnotes .

*The use of parenthetical references and list of works

cited is an alternative to the note-bibliography system.
Criteria in the use of
Bibliography
Use the institutional format and follow it consistently both in the
textual listing and reference listing
Your bibliography must contain all the needed facts: author,
place of publication, publisher, year of publication and other
facts
The spelling in the bibliography section should tally with the
textual listing.
Correct punctuation mark should be followed in the bibliography
All cited sources in the text must be entered in the bibliography.
 Books
Notes

1
Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Boston: Little, Brown
1973) 56-57.

Bibliography

Bronowski, Jacob. The Ascent of Man. Boston: Little,

Brown, 1973.
 Books

h,James
h, JamesG.,
G.,and
andHerbert
HerbertA.
A.Simon.
Simon. Organizations.
Organizations. New
NewYork:
York:Wiley,
Wiley, 1

h, James G., and Herbert A. Simon. Organizations. New York: Wiley,

Missing information:

No place: n.p.
No publisher: n.p.
No date: n.d.
No page: n.pag. Or
unpaginated
 Periodicals
Aron, Raymond. The Education of the Citizen in
Industrial Society. Daedalus 91 (1962): 249-263.

Newspapers
Rasky, Susan F. Senate Calls for Revisions in New Tax
for Health Care. New York Times, 8 June 1989, A20.
 Unpublished Documents
Rosenthal, Marilyn. Poetry of the Spanish Civil War.
Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1972.
Abstract
An abstract is a greatly condensed version of a longer
piece of writing that highlights the major points
covered, and concisely describes the content and
scope of the writing.
What Is Usually Included in an
Abstract?
a title identical to the title of the thesis the name of the
author the date of the thesis
where the thesis is submitted or published the main
topic of the thesis
the purpose of the thesis
the methods used to research information
further sub-sections within the thesis
results, conclusions, or recommendations
A good abstract has the following
qualities:
uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these
are unified, coherent, concise
uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which
presents the purpose, results, conclusions, and
recommendations
follows the chronology of the thesis
provides logical connections between the information
included
adds no new information, but simply summarizes
often uses passive verbs to downplay the author and
emphasize information
Thank you!
Appendix
- should be used for materials that supplement the text but are not
appropriate for inclusion in it.

Includes:
Permit to conduct a study
Type of research instrument
Tables containing lesser importance
Pertinent long documents not readily available for enclosing in the text
Long quotations and speeches
Supplementary illustrated materials such as forms
Statistical computations