-It recognises specific pathogens, cancer cells and
certain chemicals and defends the body against them.
-Immunity means the body resistance to the
pathogen which causes a specific disease. Antigens -The external surface of an invading microorganism contains specific molecules called antigens.
-Antigens are subtances, usually proteins,
that the immune system recognises as foreign or not part of the body. Antigens are normally found on the outer surface of an invading microorganism.
-Example: snake venom and bacterial
toxins. Immune response
-When the immune system
identifies the antigens invading the body, it is stimulated to defend the body against those antigens. This type of defence is known as an immune response.
-Each antigens induces
certain lymphocytes to secrete specific antibodies that only react specifically with that antigens. Antibodies -Antibodies are proteins found on the surface of lymphocytes, or proteins released by lymphocytes into the blood plasma.
-The interaction between the
antibody and the antigen which result in the elimination of the antigen from the body- immune response. Antigen-binding site or antigen receptor -Highly specific. -Each binding site has a particular shape that fits the one found on the antigen. How antibodies work -After is bound to the antibody molecule, the antigen can be destroyed in several way. Hence the lymphatic system not only plays a role in returning excess interstitial fluid to the circulatory system, but -it also helps defend the body against invasion by pathogens.
-When a person has an infection, pathogens and white blood
cells collect in great numbers in the lymph nodes.
The lymph nodes may be swollen.
-The lymph nodes contain macrophages that destroy bacteria,
dead tissues and other foreign substances through phogocytosis.They also contain lymphocytes that destroy antigens and foreign organism. 4 ways antibodies work NALO Neutralisation- An antibody neutralises the toxins produced by the bacteria by binding to a toxin molecule. This prevents the toxin molecule from attaching to a cell and causing damage.
Agglutination- Antibodies cause the pathogen to clump
together. This clumping makes it easy for the phogocytes to capture and destroy the pathogens.
Lysis-Antibodies that bind to the antigens and cause the
antigens to rupture and disintegrate.
Opsonisation-Opsonins are antibodies that bind to
antigens toact as markers so that antigens can be easily recognised and destroyed by phagocytes.
Effect of Dietary Isoleucine Level On Growth, Protein Retention Efficiency, Haematological Parameter, Lysozyme Activity and Serum Antioxidant Status of Fingerling Channa Punctatus (Bloch