Broadcast Communications

Engineering

Lecture 14: Wireless LAN (2)

Engr. Cynthia V. Plaza

Jan. 4, 2010
WLANs
IEEE 802.11x
ETSI BRAN HIPERLAN
Bluetooth
HomeRF: Networking mobile data
and voice devices to a PC anywhere
in the home
IrDA: Wirelss data cable replacement
for devices in line of sight

2
BRAN Family

3
HIPERLAN Type 1
Provides a high-speed WLAN
Access method: elimination yield
nonpreemptive priority multiple
access (EY-NPMA)
Similar to CSMA/CA
Three phases: priority resolution,
elimination, and yield

4
HIPERLAN Type 2
Overview
Spectrum: 5 GHz
Maximum physical rate: 54 Mbps
Maximum data rate, layer 3: 32
Mbps
MAC: Central resource
control/TDMA/ TDD
Fixed network support IP/ATM/UMTS

5
 HIPERLAN Type 2
Constituted by three layers: PHY, DLC, and
the convergence layer (CL)
Each layer has a user plane and control
plane
User plane includes functions related to
transmission of traffic over the established
user connections
Control plane includes functions related to
the control, establishment, release, and
modification of the connections
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Protocol Reference Model

7
Physical Layer
Provides a basic data transport
function by a baseband modem and
an RF part
Transmission format on the PHY layer
is a burst consisting of a preamble
part and a data part
Modulation scheme: OFDM (achieving
good performance on highly
dispersive channels)

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9
Data Link Layer Overview
Represent the logical link between
an AP and its associated MTs
Implements QoS, channel quality,
number of MTs, and MAC
Operates on a per-connection
basis, to maintain QoS on a virtual-
circuit basis, using means such as
FEC, ARQ, and flow pacing

10
Data Link Layer
Consists of the error control (EC), radio
link control (RLC), and MAC functions
Data transport: handles data packets from
higher layer via user service access point
Control part: radio resource control (RRC),
association control function (ACF), and
RLC, which provides a transport service to
the DLC connection control (DCC)

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Convergence layer
Data transport part provides adaptation
of the user data to the DLC layer
message format (DLC-SDU)
If higher layer network protocol is not
ATM, its common part (CP) provides
segmentation and reassembly (SAR)
Integrated HIPERLAN into fixed networks
via Service specific convergence
sublayer (SSCS)
Control part of CL can use the control
functions in the DLC

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System Architecture
Structured in a centralized mode
(CM), with two main entities: MT
and AP
AP coordinates MTs in its area and
can control one or more sectors
Direct link mode (DM) established
between MTs so that they can
directly exchange information
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Centralized Architecture

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DLC channels
Logical channel
a generic term for any distinct data path
defined by the type of information it
conveys and the interpretation of the values
in the corresponding messages
mostly used when referring to the meaning
of message contents
Transport channels
provide the basic elements for constructing
protocol data units (PDUs)
describe the format of the various messages

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Logic Channels
1. Broadcast control channel (BCCH): It
conveys downlink broadcast control channel
information concerning the whole radio cell.
2. Frame control channel (FCCH): Downlink, it
describes the structure of the MAC frame. This
structure is announced by resource grant
messages (RGs).
3. Random access feedback channel (RFCH):
Downlink, it informs the MTs that have used
the RCH in the previous MAC frame about the
result of their access attempts. It is
transmitted once per MAC frame per sector.

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Logic Channels (Contd)
4. RLC broadcast channel (RBCH):
Downlink, it conveys (when necessary)
broadcast control information concerning
the whole radio cell. The information
transmitted by RBCH is classified as:
Broadcast RLC messages;
Assignment of MAC_ID to a nonassociated MT;
Convergence layer ID information;
Encryption seed.
RBCH is transmitted only

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Logic Channels (Contd)
5. Dedicated control channel (DCCH): It transports
RLC messages in the uplink direction. A DCCH is
implicitly established during association of an MT.
6. User broadcast channel (UBCH): Downlink, it
transmits user broadcast data from the CL. The
UBCH transmits in repetition or unacknowledged
mode and can be associated or unassociated to
LCCHs.
7.User multicast channel (UMCH): Downlink, it is
employed to transmit user point-to-multipoint user
data. The UMCH is transmitted in unacknowledged
mode.

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 Logic Channels (Contd)
8. User data channel (UDCH): Bidirectional, it is
employed to exchange data between APs and MTs in
CM or between MTs in DM. The UDCH is associated
or not to LCCHs.
9. Link control channel (LCCH): Bidirectional, it is
employed to exchange ARQ feedback and discard
messages both in CM and in DM. The LCCH is also
used to transmit resource request messages (RRs)
in the uplink direction (only in CM) and discard
messages for a UBCH using repetition mode. LCCHs
may or may not be associated with UDCHs/UBCHs.
10. Association control channel (ASCH): Uplink, in
this case the MTs that are not associated to an AP
transmit new association and handover requests. 19
Transport Channels
1. Broadcast channel (BCH): Downlink, it
contains 15 bytes of radio cell information such
as identification of the AP and its current
transmitted power.
2. Frame channel (FCH): Downlink, its length is a
multiple of 27 octets. It contains a description of
the way resources have been allocated and can
also contain an indication of the empty parts of
a frame.
3. Access feedback channel (ACH): Downlink, its
length is 9 octets. It contains information on
access attempts made in the previous RCH.

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Transport Channels
(Contd)
4. Long transport channel (LCH): Downlink and
uplink, its length is 54 octets. It is used to
transmit DLC user PDUs (U-PDUs of 54 bytes
with 48 bytes of payload).
5. Short transport channel (SCH): Downlink and
uplink, its length is 9 octets. It is used to
exchange DLC control PDUs (C-PDU of 9 bytes).
6. Random channel (RCH): Uplink, its length is
9 octets. It is used for sending control info
when no granted SCH is available. It carries RRs
as well as ASCH and DCCH data.

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Mapping for Downlink

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Mapping for Uplink

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Mapping for Direct Link

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MAC Layer
Based on TDMA/TDD, with frames
period of 2 ms
APs control the allocation of resources,
and determine if two MTs can directly
exchange information
MTs may request resources using RRs,
and can request fixed capacity
allocation over multiple frames

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Basic MAC Frame

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MAC Operations
A scheduler, centralized in the AP, to
determine the composition of the MAC
frame
A process in APs and in MTs that receives
and transmits PDUs
A process that maps logical channels
onto transport channels
MAC entities that exchange control
information

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Access to RCH
Each MT maintains a contention
window, CWa, to control the access to
the RCH
randomly chooses a number r between 1
and CWa and starts counting r RCHs
can only access the rth RCH.
if it receives the ACH with a positive
feedback, it then resets a to 0.

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Other DLC Entities
DLC connection control (DCC), signaling to
establish or release a connection
ACF supports functions related to the
exchange of information about link capabilities
and association of MT with AP
Error control entity supports: Acknowledged
mode (selective repeat ARQ); Repetition mode
(repeating the LCHs); Unacknowledged mode
Radio resource control involves handover,
dynamic frequency selection (DFS), MT alive,
and power-save procedures

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Radio Resource Control

DFS automatically assigns frequencies

to each AP for communication
MT alive enables AP to figure out if any
associated MT is not transmitting
Power-save procedure defines the
appropriate signaling for transmitter
power control and definition of sleeping
mode of MTs

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 Handover
Mainly MT initiated
there is an AP-initiated capability for
handover in case an AP wants to
decrease its load
MT handover: sector handover, radio
(intra-AP) handover , and network
handover

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Radio and Network
Handover

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Bluetooth Overview
Introduction
Ad Hoc Radio Connectivity
Bluetooth Radio System
Architecture
Applications of Bluetooth
Technology
Conclusions
References
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Introduction
In May 1998, a Bluetooth Special Interest
Group SIG was formed by Ericsson,
Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel to promote
the Bluetooth concept and establish an
industry standard
Bluetooth is a short range radio
technology that operates in the Industrial-
Scientific-Medical ISM band from
2,402MHz to 2,480MHz

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Introduction cont.
The aim was to eliminate cables
between mobile phones and PC cards,
headset and desktop devices, etc.
Version 1.0 of the specification was first
published in July 1999
Version 1.1 of the spec. was then
published at Feb. 22 2001
Bluetooth data rate can achieve about
1Mbit/s

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 Usage Scenarios

Cable Replacement Personal Ad-hoc Networks

Data/Voice Access Points

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Technology Characteristics
Low-cost,

Low-power,

Small-sized,

Short-range,

Robust wireless technology

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 General Characteristics
Universal wireless interface

Ad-hoc networking architecture

80 Mhz in unlicenced ISM band at 2.45 Ghz

Gross bitrate 1 Mbps

Simultaneous voice and high speed data support

Evolves from cable replacement - > networking

solution
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Scatternets
Each piconet has one master and up to 7
slaves
Master determines hopping sequence,
slaves have to synchronize
Participation in a piconet =
synchronization to hopping sequence
Communication between piconets =
devices jumping back and forth between
the piconets

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Piconet

Slave
Slave 11

Master
Master
Slave
Slave 22

Slave
Slave 33

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 Piconets and Scatternets

S1 S4
S5
S7

M1 M2
S3

S2
S6

Piconet A
Piconet B

Scatternet

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Protocol Stack Component

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Bluetooth System
Architecture

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Radio Spectrum
Must be open to the public without the need
for licenses; and must be available
worldwide (2400MHz to 2483.5MHz)
Bluetooth is based on FH-CDMA
High speed of hops in the frequency spectrum
makes the connection very robust to interference
Code-division multiple access offers the best
properties for ad hoc radio systems
In the 2.45GHz ISM band, a set of 79 hop
carriers have been defined at a 1MHz
spacing
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Baseband Layers
Provide a mapping of logical channels onto
physical channels
Determine the Bluetooth air-interface.
Define the process by which devices search
for other devices and how they connect to
them.
Define the master and slave roles for
device.
Define how synchronous and asynchronous
traffic can share the air-interface.
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 2.4 GHz, FHSS (CDMA),
TDD
fn fn+2

Forward
fn+1

Reverse

Slot 0.625 msec. time

TDD frame 1.25 msec.

46
FHSS Pattern:
Synchronization
The slaves synchronize themselves to the Master Clock

Slave

Slave Master

Slave
Slave
Piconet
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Frequency Selection

Native clock (slave) Phase Hop frequency

+

Offset
(master) Bleutooth address
(master)

48
Modulation Scheme
Bluetooth uses Gaussian-shaped
frequency shift
keying FSK modulation with a
nominal modulation index of k = 0.3
This modulation scheme allows the
implementation of low-cost radio
units

49
Medium Access Control
Bluetooth has been designed to allow
a large number of independent
channels, each channel serving only a
limited number of participants
Theoretically, the spectrum with 79
carriers can support 79Mb/s
Different channels have different
masters and therefore also different
hopping sequences and phases

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Medium Access Control
(Contd)
By definition, the unit that establishes
the piconet becomes the master
In Bluetooth, the master implements
centralized control; only
communication between the master
and one or more slaves is possible
Master unit schedules the traffic in
both the uplink and downlink

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Link Manager Layer
Link managers in each device negotiate
the properties of the Bluetooth air-
interface between them using the link
manager protocol (LMP).
The properties includes bandwidth
allocation and periodic bandwidth
reservation to support audio traffic.
Supervise device pairing and encryption
of the data flowing over the air-interface.

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L2CAP Layer
L2CAP: Logical Link control and adaptation
protocol layer.
Traffic form data applications is first routed
through the L2CAP layer.
L2CAP also enables segmentation of large
packets used by higher layers into smaller
packets for baseband transmission.
The ability of the corresponding
reassembly of segmented packets by the
receiving device.

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Remarks
Note that the concept of master and
slave devices does not propagate
higher than the link manager.
At the L2CAP layer and above,
communication is based upon a peer-
to-peer model and no special
provisions are made for different
actions in a master device or in a slave
device.
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Middleware Protocol Group
The middleware protocols make
use of the underlying transport
protocols.
Present to the application layers
defines a standard interfaces that
may be used for communicating
across the transports .

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 Middleware Protocol Group

TCP UDP IrMC

IP TCS-AT
Audio SDP OBEX TCS-BIN
PPP
Control
RFCOMM

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RFCOMM Layer
Bluetooth wireless communication is
aimed at replacing cables,so support
for serial communications and related
application is an important feature.
RFCOMM:a virtual serial port to
applications.
RFCOMM is a serial port abstraction.

57
SDP Layer
For Bluetooth, traditional static
configuration network is not
sufficient.
SDP: Bluetooth service discovery
protocol
SDP defines a standard method for
Bluetooth devices to discover and
learn about the services offered by
other device.
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Networking Layers
Bluetooth allows connecting to large
networks through a dial-up connection
or via a network access point.
WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) is for
wireless networking.
Once a dial-up connection to an IP
network is established, standard
Internet Protocols such as TCP, UDP,
HTTP will be used.

59
Audio
Audio traffic is isochroous.
Voice traffic traffic typically is routed
directly to and from the baseband
layer.
SCO:Synchronous Connection-Oriented
SCO packets are defined for use with
typical audio traffic.
Bluetooth allows for up to 3 audio
channels at one time.
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Type of Trasmission
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link
Circuit switched typically used for voice
Symmetric, synchronous service
Slot reservation at fixed intervals
Point-to-point
Asynchronous connectionless ACL link
Packet switched
Symmetric or asymmetric, asynchronous service
Polling mechanism between master and slave(s)
Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
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 ACL data rates
Packet Timeslots CRC FEC Symmetric Asymmetric (kbps)
(kbps)
Forward Reverse

DM1 1 Yes Yes 108 108 108

DH1 1 Yes - 172 172 172

DM3 3 Yes Yes 258 387 54

DH3 3 Yes - 390 585 86

DM5 5 Yes Yes 286 477 36

DH5 5 Yes - 433 723 57

AUX 1 - - 185 185 185

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ACL Polling Scheme
Master

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 SCO Data Rates
Packet Timeslots CRC FEC Symmetric
(kbps)

HV1 1 - 1/3 rate 64

HV2 1 - 2/3 rate 64

HV3 1 - - 64

DV 1 Data only Voice no FEC, 64

Data 2/3 FEC

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 Voice and Data
Transmission
SCO ACL ACL SCO ACL ACL SCO ACL

Master

Slave

Slave

Slave

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 Capacity of Piconet
One ACL link (432 kbps symmetric
or 721/56 kbps asymetric)

or

Three simultaneous SCO links (64

kbps)
S1 S4

or M1
S3
S2

A combination of voice/data
66
States of a Bluetooth
device
STANDBY unconnected

inquiry page connecting

transmit connected active

PARK HOLD SNIFF low power

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 Connection Setup in a
Piconet

Master
Resp. Resp. data.
FHS data

Page Page

Slave

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Packet structure of
Bluetooth
BB_PDU ( Baseband packet data unit)
Access Code + Header + Payload

Inside Access Code

Preamble Sync Word Trailer
4-bits 64 bits 4-bits Preamble: offer DC offset
Sync Word: Created from
LAP 69
Header Structure

18 bits
1/3 FEC encoding

54 bits

70
Error Correction
Packet header:
1/3 rate FEC

SCO payload:
1/3 rate FEC
2/3 FEC
no FEC

ACL payload:
ARQN using payload CRC (except AUX packet)
2/3 rate FEC optional

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Security
Four different entities are used for
maintaining security at the link layer

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Bluetooth Products
Ericsson T39mc Bluetooth chip
embedded
Bluetooth earphone from Ericsson
PC2PC-Bluetooth Motherboard from
MSI
HP DeskJet 995c Printer
PDA, Packet PC and other IA products

73
 Where Bluetooth Fits In
Bluetooth
GSM
GPRS
Bandwidth

UMTS
DECT
WLAN
IrDA
WLAN

UMTS
Bluetooth
IR

GPRS
Dect GSM

Coverage
74