QUIZ5Answers

1.) Pickoneofthetwobuildingblocksofsilicateclayminerals,tetrahedronoroctahedron.Describeitselemental
compositionandwhatcationscanbereplacementionsinisomorphoussubstitution.Diagrams/picturesencouraged.
tetrahedron:4O,1Si, Fe3+orAl3+canreplaceSi4+
octahedron:6O,
dioctahedral:2Al Fe3+,Al3+,Mg2+,Zn2+,Fe2+ (2)
trioctahedral:3Mg

2.) Matchthecolloidnamewithitsmineraltype: (4)

a.Kaolinite __y___ x.2:1expandingSiclay
b.Vermiculite __x___ y.1:1nonexpandingSiclay
c.Mica __z___ z.2:1nonexpandingSiclay
d.Goethite __q___ q.nonSiclay

3.) Asoilcontains5%humus,10%vermiculite,20%kaolinite,and10%gibbsite.

Whatisitsapproximatecationexchangecapacity?(Table8.5onreverseside.) (2)
27cmolc/kg

4.) DatafromtheHolmgrenarticleshowedthatUltisolshadthelowestCECofallthesoilorderssampled.Doesthismake

sense?Explain. (2)
yes,ultisolsareveryweatheredsoils,whichmeanstheyhavegenerallylargeramountsof1:1
typeclaysandFe/Aloxidesandgenerallyloweramountsof2:1clays:1:1typeandFe/Al

oxidesclayshavelessisomorphoussubstitutionthuslessnegativechargeandlessCEC.
 Soil Aeration

 Soil Aeration

I. Process of Soil Aeration

II. Characterizing Soil Aeration

III. Factors Affecting Soil Aeration

IV. Ecosystem Effects of Soil Aeration

I. Process of Soil Aeration

A. O2 availability in field
1.
soil macroporosity (texture/structure)
2.
soil water content (proportion of porosity filled with air)
3.
O2 consumption by respiring organisms (plant roots and
microbes)
B. Excess Moisture
1. water saturated/waterlogged: condition when all or nearly
all of the soil pores are filled with H2O
2. adaption
C. Gas exchange
1. mass flow
2. diffusion (Fig. 7.3)

 Fig. 7.3 = diffusion


II. Characterizing Soil Aeration

A. Composition
1. O2
2. CO2 (Fig. 7.8)
3. other gases
B. Air-filled porosity
1. ideal composition
2. O2 diffusion through water<<<<<air
C. Chemical redox potential
1. redox rxns
2. role of O2
3. other e- acceptors (Table 7.1)

 Fig. 7.8 = CO2

II. Characterizing Soil Aeration

A. Composition
1. O2
2. CO2 (Fig. 7.8)
3. other gases
B. Air-filled porosity
1. ideal composition
2. O2 diffusion through water<<<<<air
C. Chemical redox potential
1. redox rxns
2. role of O2
3. other e- acceptors (Table 7.1)


 Redox Reactions


Table 7.1 = other e- acceptors


III. Factors Affecting Soil Aeration

A. Drainage

B. Rates of respiration

C. Subsoil vs. topsoil

D. Soil heterogeneity

E. Seasonal differences

F. Effects of vegetation

III. Factors Affecting Soil Aeration
A. Drainage
1. Why are macropores important to soil aeration?
B. Rates of respiration
2. What management activities can alter soil air composition?
C. Subsoil vs. topsoil
3. Why do subsoils have lower O2 concentrations than surface
soils?
D. Soil heterogeneity
4. How do O2 and CO2 concentrations change within a
profile?
5. What effect does tillage have on aeration?
E. Seasonal differences
6. Contrast spring vs. summer soil aeration.
F. Effects of vegetation
7. What is an effect of one specific type of vegetation on soil
aeration?

III. Ecosystem Effects of Soil Aeration

A. Ecological

B. Soil and plant management

C. Wetlands


 Exam Review

TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS
anything covered in class
suggested study ?s
calculations

ASSIGNED READINGS
suggested study ?s

FRIDAY DEMO/DISCUSSION/FIELD TRIPS

handouts