CREATED BY:

DWI HARKITA
NINGRUM
1113031080
AMMONIA
 INTRODUCTION

Ammonia have the other name that is

Spirit of Hartshorne
The chemical formula of ammonia is NH3

NH3 forms a minute proportion of

the atmosphere;
it is found in volcanic gases and as a
product of decomposition of animal
and vegetable matter.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The boiling point of NH3 is

77.70C and the melting
point of NH3 is 33.340C.
The density of NH3 is 0,682
of the -33,40C.
The dissociation constant
NH3 has Kb 1.774x105 at 25
C (pKb is 4.751) and
increases slightly with
increasing temperature. At
pH 9.25 half of the
ammonia will be un-ionized
(NH3) and half will be
ionized (NH4+). At pH 8.25
and 7.25, 90, and 99% of
the ammonia will be
ionized, respectively.
CHEMICAL BONDING
This compound composed of nitrogen and hydrogen atom, so the

chemical bonding of NH3 is covalent bond because they share electron

together. NH3 molecule has a large dipole moment, and this is

consistent with its structure molecule, a triangular pyramid.

The electronic arrangement in nitrogen obeys the octet rule. The four

pairs of electrons (three bonding pairs and one free pair

electron) repel each other, giving the molecule its non-planar

geometry. The HNH bond angle of 107 degrees is close to the

tetrahedral angle of 109.5 degrees.

 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

The polarity of NH3 molecules and their ability to

form hydrogen bonds explains to some extent the
high solubility of NH3 in water. However, a
chemical reaction also occurs when ammonia
dissolves in water. In aqueous solution, ammonia
acts as a base, acquiring hydrogen ions from H2O to
yield ammonium and hydroxide ions.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

The production of hydroxide ions
when NH3 dissolves in water gives
aqueous solutions of NH3 their
characteristic alkaline (basic)
properties. The double arrow in the
equation indicates that equilibrium
is established between dissolved
NH3(g) and ammonium ions. Not all of
the dissolved ammonia reacts with
water to form ammonium ions.
 PROCESS MADE OF
NH3 made by the Haber-Bosch
AMMONIA
process.
NH3 is synthesis hydrogen (from
natural gas) and nitrogen (from the
air) in condition catalyst Fe (T= 5000
of 200 atm) . Natural gas contains
some sulfurous compounds damage
the catalysts used in this process.
These removed by reacting them
with zinc oxide.
ZnO + H2S ZnS + H2O
 The methane from the natural gas
converted to hydrogen:

CH4 + H2O 3H2 + CO

CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2

CO + H2O H2 + CO2
Air mixed in with the gas stream to
give a hydrogen and nitrogen with
ratio of 3:1. Water, carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide (all of which
poison the iron catalyst used in the
ammonia synthesis) removed. The
carbon monoxide converted to
carbon dioxide for use in urea
production, and the carbon dioxide
removed:
CO + H O CO + H
2 2 2
 The remaining traces of CO and CO 2
converted to methane and then the
gases cooled until the water becomes
: liquid and can easily removed.
The nitrogen and hydrogen are then
reacted at high temperature and
pressure using an iron catalyst to
form ammonia:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
In the laboratory NH3 can
made by
heating NH4Cl in the NaOH
solution.

NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l) + NH3(g)

 FUNCTION

NH3 has a wide range of industrial and agricultural applications,

for examples of its use are the production of nitric acid and
ammonium salts, particularly the sulfate, nitrate, carbonate,
chloride, and the synthesis of hundreds of organic compounds
including many drugs, plastics, and dyes. Its dilute aqueous
solution finds use as a household cleaning agent. NH3 and
amonium salt used as fertilizer. Anhydrous NH3 also serves as a
refrigerant, because of its high heat of vaporization and relative
ease of liquefaction.
MORTAR AND PESTLE
 MORTAR AND PESTLE

Mortar and pestle used to crush and mix

substances together. This could be helpful when
conducting chemical tests and experiments. The
mortar and pestle can also use in pharmaceutical
laboratories in order to grind medical substances
into smaller parts
 MORTAR AND PESTLE
The materials used to make mortar and pestle are
varied. A mortar and pestle made from porcelain.
Porcelain is commonly not used to solid synthesis,
because porcelain made from a porous material can
be difficult to clean. The kind of mortar and pestle
used in the preparation of solid material is very
important. The size of the mortar and pestle is usually
8 cm in diameter, length of pestle is 9 cm.
 MORTAR AND PESTLE

The way to take care the mortar and

pestle is so easy. After using it, wash
until clean and put in right place.
DROP
PLATE
 Drop plate made from
white porcelain. Drop
plate has 12 grooves and
diameter of grooves is 2
cm. The size of drop plate
is 120 x 90 x 10 mm
 FUNCTION
Drop plate is useful for the
container of liquid will be
analyzed in small
amounts, for example to
analyze acid and base
liquid properties using the
acid base indicator
The way to take care
drop plate is so easy.
After using it, wash
until clean and put in
right place.
THANK YOU