DR A.

MALIK

Emergency First Aid

and CPR
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
COVERED

Bleeding/Shock/Minor injuries
Burn Care
Neck and Back Injuries
Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke
Hypothermia/Frost Bite
Severe Allergic Reactions
Bites and Stings
Faints/
BLEEDING
Apply direct pressure
to the wound (at this
time a direct pressure
bandage may be used)
Elevate (do not further
harm)
Pressure Point
additional pressure may
be applied to a pressure
point to help reduce
bleeding.
CARE FOR Keep
SHOCK
the victim laying down
(if possible).
Elevate legs 10-12 inches
unless you suspect a spinal
injury or broken bones.
Cover the victim to maintain
body temperature.
Provide the victim with
plenty of fresh air.
If victim begins to vomit -
place them on their left side.
Approach for medical help
 FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND
STRAINS
I-C-E

I - Ice, apply a
cold pack. Do not
apply ice directly
to skin.
C - Compress,
use an elastic or
conforming wrap -
not too tight.
E - Elevate,
above heart level
 CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND
FRACTURES
I-A-C-T
I - Immobilize area. Use pillows,
jackets, blankets, etc. Stop any
movement by supporting injured area.
A - Activate Emergency Medical
Services (EMS), call 102.
C - Care for shock. See Care for
Shock slide.
T - Treat any additional secondary
injuries.
 BURNS

First Degree
Burn

Second Degree
Burn

Third Degree
Burn
 First Degree Burn

1. brief exposure
to heat
2. skin is intact,
but red and the
burned area is
painful.
Figure: An area of first degree burn
3. Sunburn surrounding a second degree burn
First Aid : immerse or run the burned area under cold water.
dont use ice
Apply moist dressings and bandage loosely
 Second Degree Burn

1.prolonged exposure to
heat or very high
temperatures
2. skin may be intact or it
may appear to be
partially peeling.
3. Any burn with blisters
is second degree
4. very painful
First Aid : If the skin is intact (not peeling) then run the
burned area under cold water
dont use ice, Do not try to burst the blisters.
Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely
 Third Degree Burn

1. Deepest
2. look white or
charred,extend
through all skin
layers
3. May have severe pain
-- or no pain at all -- if
the nerve endings are
destroyed Figure 3: A third degree burn.
 Burn:Contd.

4. Third degree burns

can go into shock
earlier

5. notorious for getting

infected

6. Cover the area in a

clean, dry dressing
Figure 3: A third degree burn.
SNAKE BITE-

1.Non Poisonous Snakes

2. Poisonous Snakes
SNAKE BITE
Non Poisonous Snakes

Do not have fangs with which

to inject venom.
SNAKE BITE
Poisonous Snakes

Poisonous snakes have fangs

to inject venom.
 SNAKE BITE-
Venom Tissues Absorbed
into the lymphatic system

network of tubes that drains fluid

(lymph) from the bodys tissues and
empties it back into the bloodstream
Rarely venom reaches blood stream
 SNAKE BITE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
puncture marks, or parallel scratches on the
skin - rarely any pain
anxiety
pale, cool skin with progressive onset of
sweating
rapid, weak pulse
rapid, shallow breathing
blurred vision, drooping eyelids
difficulty swallowing and speaking
abdominal pain
nausea and/or vomiting
collapse - progressing to a comatose state
SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID & TREATMENT

pressure immobilization bandage

This bandage is applied as
firmly as bandaging a
sprained ankle, and is
designed to slow the
movement of venom through
the lymphatic system.
Bandaging the wound firmly tends to
compress the lymph vessels, which helps
to slow or prevent the venom from leaving
the bite site.
SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID & TREATMENT CONTD.
reassure
complete rest
apply direct pressure over
the bitten area
obtain a history
immobilize the limb with a
splint
avoid elevating the limb
DO NOT use an arterial
tourniquet
DO NOT remove the bandage
and splint once it has been
 SNAKE BITE
What is venom?
Venom is a poison that one animal injects into another. In
snakes, venom is modified saliva. A snake injects poison by
biting. Venom is at least 90% protein and most of the protein
are enzymes.
What is anti-venom? Snake bites are effectively treated by
anti-venom. Venom is first extracted from the snake. Minute
quantities of this venom are then injected into a large animal
like a horse, and the quantity increased slowly until the
animal develops antibodies to the venom. Its blood is
extracted and the antibodies concentrated and freeze dried
for storage.
Environmental
Conditions
DEHYDRATION
HEAT CRAMPS
HEAT EXHAUSTION
HEAT STROKE
EXPOSURE TO COLD
 Dehydration
Dehydration is a condition
caused by the casualtys loss of
fluids from perspiration and
prolonged exposure to heat and
humidity. When the casualtys
fluid loss exceeds his or her
input through drinking,
dehydration occurs and the
blood volume lessens. A
prolonged period of dehydration
will lead to shock
 Dehydration
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pale, cool, clammy skin
rapid breathing
profuse and prolonged sweating
thirst
loss of skin elasticity (pinch test on back of hand)
sunken eyes in children
CARE AND TREATMENT
complete rest in the shade remove unnecessary
clothing
give cool water to drink, ORS
ensure casualty has assistance when recovered
Heat Illness

Predisposing Factors
Physical activity
Extremes of age, poor physical condition,
fatigue
Excessive clothing
Dehydration
Cardiovascular disease
Skin disorders
Obesity
Drugs
Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca channel
blockers, diuretics, amphetamines, LSD, cocaine,
MAOIs
 Heat Stroke
``Condition occurs suddenly &can
cause unconsciousness in
minutes``
It is due to failure of ``thermostat`` in
the brain
#The body rapidly becomes
dangerously
Overheated (>40 degrees) either due t
Prolonged exposure to very hot
surroundings or illness involving very
 Heat Stroke

SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
Hot, Flushed & Dry
skin
Cool place
Headache,Dizziness, Tub of cold water/c
Confusion/restlessnes
s
water
Altered LOC bath or wrap in co
And elevated
temperature
wet sheet
Body temp >40 deg CCool until 38deg
(>105 degrees F) C(100.4 deg F)
Syncope
Frost Bite

SYMPTOMS
Caused by freezing conditions which cut
off circulation, usually in extremities
(hands, feet, ears, nose), which may be
permanently affected. Frost-bitten areas
are cold, pale or marbled-looking, solid to
the touch, and painless (until circulation is
TREATMENT
restored).
Giving warm drinks, and covering with
blankets. Warm the injured part with body
heat only-put a hand under an armpit,
for example. Do not rub the skin or apply
direct heat to the injured area.
Muscle cramps

SYMPTOMS
Caused by over-stretching muscles, or by
abnormal muscle contraction. They may also
be associated with loss of fluid due to
excessive sweating.
Characterized by pain, tenderness, loss
of power and stiffening or spasms of the
muscles.
TREATMENT
Rest, application of an ice pack, then subsequent
gentle stretching.
DO NOT massage the affected muscles.
 Chest cramps (or
stitches)
SYMPTOMS
Usually caused by cramps of the intercostals
muscles between the ribs
Brought on by exertion, chest cramps are
identified by sharp, spasmodic pain in the
chest, difficulty in standing upright, and
gasping respirations.
TREATMENT
A Stitch will disappear with rest and
concentration on deep breathing.
Tennis elbow

SYMPTOMS
This injury is due to a strain of
the tendons and muscles
associated with the elbow.
Severe cases also involve the
ligaments. It is usually a
chronic condition, and
presents when the elbow is
over-used or over-stretched.
pain over the bone on the
outer side of the joint that
becomes more severe on
TREATMENT
movement.
Apply Ice pack and support in a sling
Shin splints
SYMPTOMS
This injury is due to a strain of
the long flexor muscle of the
toes, characterized by pain
along the shinbone. This is an
injury common to track
athletes and footballers.

FIRST AID
rest, application of an ice pack,
and elevation of the limb.
 FRACTURES-TYPES
Closed - where the
bone has fractured but
has no obvious
external wound.

Open - where there is a

wound leading to the
fracture site or the
bone is protruding
from the skin.

Complicated - which
may involve damage to
associated vital organs
and major blood
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
FRACTURES

*pale, cool, clammy skin

*rapid, weak pulse
*pain at the site
*tenderness
*loss of power to limb
*Associated wound and blood loss
*Deformity
 FRACTURES-FIRST AID
The basic aim of
management for fractured
limbs is to immobilization.
Immobilization helps reduce
movement and the pain
associated with fractures.
Immobilize the limb with a
natural splint
 Fractured Forearm:
*check for pulse to the
end part of the limb
*treat any wounds
*pad bony prominences
*apply adequate splint
*secure above and below
fracture, secure wrist
*elevate injury with arm
sling
 SLINGS
Slings are used to support an injured
arm.
Generally, the sling is made with a
triangular bandage.
Any material, e.g.. tie, belt, or piece
of thick rope, can be used in an
emergency. If no likely material is at
hand, an injured arm can be
adequately supported by inserting it
inside the casualtys shirt
 ARM SLING

Support the injured forearm

approximately parallel to the ground with
the wrist slightly higher than the elbow
Place an opened triangular bandage
between the body and the arm, with its
apex towards the elbow
Extend the upper point of the bandage
over the shoulder on the uninjured side
Bring the lower point up over the arm,
across the shoulder on the injured side to
First Aid training.
 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION CPR ABCs
AIRWAY - Open the
airway with the tilt-
chin method.

Breath - give two

breaths.

Check circulation.

If there is no pulse or
breathing..(next slide)
CPR Continued

Perform chest compressions.

q 15 compressions and two breaths.
Count = 1&2&3&4&5&15
Call 102.
RESCUE BREATHING

1 breath every 5 seconds - 12 per

minute.

Compressions : ventilations = 15:2

Why should I do CPR?

CPR provides some circulation of

oxygen-rich blood to the victim's
heart and brain.
This circulation delays both brain
death and the death of the heart
muscle.
CPR buys some time until the AED
can arrive, and it also makes the
heart more likely to respond to
Unconscious but breathing
normally

Turn casualty into the recovery

position
Check for continued breathing
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac
arrest simply
means that the
heart unexpectedly
and abruptly stops
beating.
This is usually
caused by an
abnormal heart
rhythm called V.F.
Rhythms in Cardiac Arrest
Ventricular Fibrillation.
(Chaotic rhythm)
Pulseless Ventrcular
Tachycardia.
(Very fast rhythm with
no pulse)
Asystole
(No electrical activity)
P.E.A. / E.M.D.
(Electrical activity, no
pulse
Ventricular Fibrillation

VF

45
Ventricular Fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an abnormal

heart rhythm often seen in sudden cardiac
arrest.
This rhythm is caused by an abnormal and
very fast electrical activity in the heart.
VF is chaotic and unorganized; the heart
just quivers and cannot effectively pump
blood.
Ventricular Fibrillation

VF will be short lived and will

deteriorate to asystole (a flat line) if
not treated promptly.
For each minute that VF persists, the
likelihood of successful resuscitation
decreases by approximately 10
percent.
Head Injuries

Head injuries can easily

mislead the first aid provider
by not exhibiting the
expected signs and symptoms
immediately after the
incident.
Head Injuries

casualty has appeared

unaffected after the incident only
to collapse with life-threatening
symptoms some hours later.
This may be due to a small bleed
in the brain that eventually
increases and applies excessive
pressure on the brain tissue.
Head Injuries
Head Injuries-
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

Head wounds
deformation and/or crepitus of the skull
altered level of consciousness
evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose
may have unequal pupils
Headache
Black Eyes
nausea and/or vomiting
restlessness and irritability, confusion
blurred or double vision
snoring respirations if unconscious
EMERGENCY FIRST AID
If you are the first on the scene of
accident that results in an injury or serious
illness, you may be the only link between
a victim and emergency medical care.
Your role is to take action, whether by
providing first aid, seeking medical help or
calling 102. Your actions may improve the
victims chance of recovery.
The following slides will provide specific
information on basic first aid procedures.
Heat Illness

Predisposing Factors
Physical activity
Extremes of age, poor physical condition,
fatigue
Excessive clothing
Dehydration
Cardiovascular disease
Skin disorders
Obesity
Drugs
Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca channel
blockers, diuretics, amphetamines, LSD, cocaine,
MAOIs
THE END

HEALTH CENTRE
CFCL GADEPAN
HEAT STROKE : Human Heat Balance
Equation

M+R+-C+-CV-E=+-S
Basic equation can be used for any adjustment
in relation to
existing Environmental condition to keep body
thermo neutral
in that particular environment
HEAT= Evaporative cooling will be more
COLD= Process of conserving heat from conduc
radiative & convective heat will be mor
the body will remain in thermo-neutral
it will neither gain or loss heat irrespec
environment heat or cold change.