Introduction To GSM & RF MGMT

ADVANCED LEVEL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE
INTRODUCTION TO GSM BSNL

BSNL
HISTORY
1979-80 Came the first Cellular
Mobile system such as
AMPS ( Advance Mobile Phone Service)
NMT ( Nordic Mobile Telephony )
TACS ( Total Access Communication
System)
These were analog in Nature and
known as First Generation System
BSNL
HISTORY
During 1990 many digital mobile
standards were introduced in different
regions/ countries
DAMPS ( Digital Advance Mobile Phone
Service)
GSM ( Global System for Mobile
Communications)
CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access )
These are known as 2nd Generation System

BSNL
HISTORY
For introduction of data transfer
capability on the Mobile ,additional
Hardware was introduced in GSM
systems, known as GPRS ( General
Packet Radio Service ) . These are
being referred as 2.5 G System
BSNL
FUTURE
Now a Global Standard IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecom.-2000)
is proposed which shall encapsulate all
the existing networks and different
access technologies to provide any
time and any where type of
communication in very near future
and known as 3rd Generation standard.
BSNL
GSM
As early as 1982, the CEPT
( Confederation of European P&T )
formed a Group called Global system for
Mobile Communications (GSM)
The objective was to develop a binding
mobile radio standard for Europe
GSM is the Pan European digital mobile
telephony Standard specified by the
ETSI and provides a common standard.
BSNL
GSM
The GSM Standard is the first
international that gives subscriber
full access to the network of
various operating companies in all
participating countries.
GSM Operational BSNL
Requirements
International Roaming
High Spectral Efficiency
Improved Transmission Quality as
compared to Analog Systems
High Link Integrity
Provision of Tele Services & Bearer
Services
GSM Operational BSNL
Requirements
Economy in both sparsely and
heavily populated areas
Better use of available frequencies
in order to improve the user
capacity of Mobile Communications.
Large selection of interfaces to
other services such as PSTN/ISDN,
PSPDN etc.
BSNL
SPECIFICATIONS
Trunked Radio system.
Access Method - TDMA/FDMA
Frequency Bands
Mobile to Cell - 890-915 Mhz

Cell to Mobile - 935-960 Mhz
Therefore the frequencies for the uplink
and the downlink are different
( Frequency Division Duplex) and the
bandwidth of the GSM System is 25 Mhz..
BSNL
SPECIFICATIONS
Cell To Mobile Down Link

935-960 Mhz
1805-1880 Mhz
Mobile to Cell Up Link
890-915 Mhz
1710-1785 Mhz
BSNL
SPECIFICATIONS
Channel Bandwidth 200 Khz
Number of Channels 124 channels
pairs ( 25 Mhz/200 Khz )are
available spaced at 200 Khz
intervals
Due to interference to other
systems, the very first carrier is not
used.

GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS
GSM uses both FDMA & TDMA
BSNL
FDMA Access along Frequency axis
Total 124 RF Channels available.

One or more carrier assigned to each base station
Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) 1 & 124 not used
untill it is co-ordinated with Non -GSM operators in adjacent freq. bands .
In most cases 124 RF Channels are used

1 2 3 4 5 6 124
...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz.
BSNL
Specifications
Therefore the actual frequency of
an ARFCN is
Ful(n)= 890.0 Mhz +(0.2 Mhz)*n
And Fdl(n)= Ful(n) + 45 Mhz
Where n= 1<=n<=124
BSNL
FDMA/TDMA
Each channel pair serves eight ( Full Rate ) or
Sixteen channels successively in a Timed Cycle.
In FDMA system each channel requires a
transmitter and receiver
8 Voice channels, staggered in Time are
transmitted via one carrier frequency
Each of the 124 FDMA linked carrier frequency is
used to transmit 8 TDMA voice channels
Discontinuous nature of TDMA makes the entire
200 Khz bandwidth available to all 8 Voice
channels.
GSM BSNL
FDMA
890 915 935 960

25 MHz 25 MHz
0 1 2 0 1 2
Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

(MHz)
890.2 890.4 890.6 935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz
200 kHz
45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
BSNL
GSM
TDMA
Amplitude
45 MHz
7 8 7 8
5 6 5 6
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
Frequency
F1 F2 F1 F2
(Cell Rx) (Cell transmit)
Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

BSNL
TDMA/FDMA
1 2
8
34
7
56
6
5
78 4
3
2
1
200 KHz
Time
Frequency
FDMA/TDMA BSNL
Scheme
TIM
E
BP2
BP1
BP8
BURST
BP7
BP6
BP5
BP4
BP3
BP2
BP1 FRE
890.2 890.6 891.0 Q
890. 890.4 890.8 891.2 915.8
0 MHz
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
BSNL
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME OF 8 TIME SLOTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FRAME REPETITION
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BSNL
BURSTING
Therefore the mobile transmits
only in one time slot and stay idle
for the remaining seven time slots
with its transmitter off.
This periodic switching (ON&OFF)
is called BURSTING ( 216.6
Hz=1/4.615ms)
PULSED TRANSMISSION BSNL
power v/s time template

Db
+4
-1
AM Splash
Distb in Ad. TS
and on adj.
Freq.
-6
-
30
- 147
70
bits
10 8 10 542.8 10 8 10
Micro Seconds
BSNL
4x3 Reuse Pattern

BSNL
VOICE CHANNEL CODING

Voice Channel Coding
RPE-LTP ( Regular Pulse Excited Long
Term Prediction )
Convolutional
At the Rate of 13 Kbps
( Full Rate Encoding)
If 6.5 Kbbps
( Half Rate Encoding )
BSNL
DIGITAL VOICE TRANSMISSION

Bit Rate - 270.833 Kbps
The voice signal is initially converted to a 13
Kbps bit stream by a voice encoding process
i.e RPE-LTP
To improve the voice immunity of the
information to be transmitted, the coding
provides data error control with which the
transmitted information can be
reconstructed at the receiver even if the TX
path is disturbed. This increases the bit rate
to 22.8 Kbps. ( Forward error correction )
BSNL

Additional synchronizing and signaling
information as well as guard periods
further increase the bit rate to 33.9 kbps
per channel
Since there are 8 Time slots in a frame,
therefore the bit rate comes out to be
33.9*8=approx 270.833 Kbps
13 kbps 22.8 Kbps 33.9 Kbps
270.833 Kbps
BSNL

In addition, the information bits are interleaved
and de interleaved at the transmitter and
receiver to compensate for the interferences
that always occur on radio paths.
information to be transmitted for a particular
subscriber
1234567891111111111222
0123456789012
TS1 TS1 TS1

F1 F2 F3
Information Actually TransmittedBSNL

through the Interleaving Process
TS1 F1 1 8 15 22 29 36 43
TS1 F2 2 9 16 23 30 37 44
TS1 F33 10 17 24 31 38 45
And so on ---------
BSNL

Information received after de
interleaving
1234567891111111111222
0123456789012
BSNL
Digital Signal Conditioning

The GSM system shows how a
transmission signal can be restructured
with logical and arithmetic operations
and yet still be well prepared for a
transmission path as qualitatively
inferior as the mobile radio channel
This is attributable to the tried and
tested methods such as convolutional
coding for automatic error correction
and interleaving etc.
BSNL
MODULATION METHOD
Modulation Method
GMSK
( Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying )
BSNL
GSM ARCHITECTURE
Voice/Data-Circuit BTS
BSC
PSTN BTS
GMSC MSC
VLR HLR EIR BSC

BTS
BTS
AUC Netowrk
Management BTS
GSM Network Overview BSNL
BS HLR VLR OM
Um Abis C C
SIM BT
S MSC
ME BS
C PSTN
BT ISDN
EIR AuC PSPDN
S CSPDN
Mobile
Statio Base Station Network
n Subsystem Subsystem
BSNL
GSM
PSTN
64 Kbps
MSC
TRAU
BSC 4*16
Kbps
BTS 4*16 Kbps
33.9
Kbps
BSNL
Duplex Operations
Frequency Division Duplex
Frequency for uplink and downlink are
different.
Time Division Duplex
The mobile station transmits 3
timeslots latter than the BTS but the
Time slot number stays same as if
both are using the same time slot at
the same time.
BSNL
Duplex Operation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
BTS Transmits
5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
MS Transmits
Timing Advance & Power BSNL
Control
In a cell MS can be at different
distances, hence different delay
and diff. Attenuations
Due to above the collisions of
signals from mobiles assigned to
adjacent time slots
Mobiles farthest from the base
station are given a head start.
Control
To compensate for the attenuation
over different distances within the
cell, the BTS commands the MS to
use different power levels in such a
way that the power arriving at the
base station receiver is approx
same for each time slot.
Control
B
TSn+1
TSn
B
BTS Short Signal Delay
Small signal Attenuation
A
Long signal delay
High signal Attenuation
Normal Burst BSNL
Equalizer Consecut
ive burst
may
1 type in a
overlap
particular
cell
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Tail Data bits Stealin Training Stealin Data bits Tail Guard
bit g sequence g bit perio
s bit bit s d
Alway To counter
s Zero multipath
fading Normal burst
Duration 15/26
ms
148 bit=546.12 micro seconds
BSNL
Random Access Burst

For estimating the timing advance
Tail Synchronizati Coded Tail Guard Period
on
8 Data 3 68.25
Sequence
41 36
88 Bit=(88*3.69) 324.72 Micro

Seconds
A Shortened burst, during initial access
so even if the mobile is at farthest
point, this burst will not overlap with
Frequency Correction BSNL
Burst
To Sync. With the master freq. Of
system
T Fixed Bit Sequence T GP
3 142 3 8.25
All Zeros
148 Bit=546.12 Micro

Seconds
BSNL
Synchronization Burst
Coded Data=Base station Information Code
+Current Trg. Seq.+Shortened TDMA frame No.
T Coded Sync. Coded T GP

3 Data Sequence Data 3 8.2
5
39 64 39
148 Bit= 546.12 micro

seconds
GSM-- TDMA STRUCTURE T
ALT
C
BSNL
ALT CENTRE
TDMA 8 Time Slots / RF Channel

Time slot duration 0.577m sec or 15 / 26 m sec
Frame 8 Burst Periods ( Time Slots)
= 8 15/26 = 4.615 m sec
Multi Frame Traffic 26 4.615 = 120 msec
Control 51 4.615 = 235.365 m sec
Super Frame 51 Traffic Multi frames
26 Control Multi frames
Hyper Frame 2048 Super Frames = 3 28 52.76
hr min sec
GSM Radio Interface - T
ALT
C
CYCLES BSNL
ALT CENTRE
Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes

3 Hours 28 Minutes 53 Seconds and 760 milliseconds
0 2047
Superframe = 26 51
multiframes
0 6.12 Seconds 50
0 25
26 Multiframe 51 Multiframe
120 mS Approx 235 mS
0 1 2 24 25 0 1 48 49 50
TDMA frame
4.615 mS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BSNL
Logical channels
Traffic Channel :Used for
Transmission of Speech
Full Rate
Half Rate
BSNL
Logical channels
Control Channel : Intended to carry
signalling and synchronisation for
network management messages and
channel maintenance task.
Broad Cast Channel BCH
Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
BSNL
Broadcast Channel
Transmitted by the BTS and
are intended to provide
sufficient information to the
mobile station for it to
synchronize with the network.
BSNL
Broadcast Channel
Broadcast Control Channel
BCCH
Informs the mobile station about
specific parameters it need to
identify the network or to gain
access to the network
( LAC, MNC, Freq. Of neighboring cells
etc.)
BSNL
Broadcast Channel
Frequency correction Channel
FCCH
Informs the mobile station about the
frequency reference of the system.
This logical channel is mapped onto
the freq. Correction burst. It appears
on frequency correction burst and
freq. Corr. Burst contains only FCCH.
BSNL
Broadcast Channel
Synchronization Channel SCH
Informs the mobile station about
the key it needs to be able to
demodulate the information
coming from the base station.It is
mapped on to synchronization
burst.
BSNL
Common Control Channel

They support the establishment
of a dedicated link between a
mobile and base station .
BSNL

Random Access Channel
It is used by the MS to request a
dedicated channel from the
network. It is mapped into the
random access burst and contains
the first message sent to the BTS.
BSNL

Paging Channel PCH
BTS calls individual MSs within its
cell on this channel.
BSNL

Access Grant Channel AGCH
MS gets information from the BTS
on which dedicated channel it
should use for its immediate needs
from the access grant channel. The
information about the timing
advance also comes on this
channel.
BSNL
Dedicated Control Channel

They are used for message
transfer between the network and
the MS, not the traffic. The
messages are needed for
registration, authentication and
call set up. They are also used for
low level signalling messages for
channel maintenance.
BSNL

Standalone Dedicated Control
Channel : SDCCH
It is intended for the transfer of
signaling information between a
mobile and a BTS
BSNL

Slow Associated Control Channel :
SACCH
It is used in association with either traffic
channel or SDCCH. The purpose is
channel maintenance to maintain a link
between mobile and BTS. In the downlink
latest information about the system
( Timing advance and power control ) and
in the uplink measurement performed
on the neighboring cells.
BSNL

Fast Associated Control
Channel : FACCH
If during a call there is a need for
some heavy duty signalling, then
FACCH appears in place of the
traffic channel.
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
BSNL
Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels
TCH Allocated to users only when needed
Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE
DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
IDLE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
BSNL
IDLE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
MS stays continuously in touch with BS
Listens to transmissions from BS to intercept
Paging Messages ( for incoming calls)
Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl
Quality & choose the most suitable BS

Listens to BS to avail short message broadcast service
BSNL
ACCESS PROCEDURE
-- Access to system
( switch over from IDLE to DEDICATED Mode)
MS indicates to BS that it needs a connection
BS accepts the request & indicates which
traffic CHL it may use
For above purpose specific transmission is done over
Common Channels
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS BSNL
MOBILE O/G Call

MS sends access over RACH
System allocates SDCCH through AGCH
Set up information exchanged over SDCCH

( Authentication , Measurement Reports, Power Control)
Lastly TCH is assigned through SDCCH when a
conversation can start
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS BSNL

MOBILE I/C Call
Paging to MS through PCH since MS is monitoring PCH
MS responds by sending a page response over RACH
As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH
Set up information exchanged over SDCCH

( Authentication, Measurement Reports , Power Control)
Lastly TCH is allocated to mobile over SDCCH .
Mobile starts conversation.

IDLE MODE ACCESS PROCDURE DEDICATED MODE
BSNL
IDLE MODE ----FCCH

---- SCH
----BCCH
MS O/G Call ----RACH
---- AGCH
----SDCCH
---- TCH
MS I/C Call ---- PCH

----RACH
---- AGCH
----SDCCH
---- TCH
BSNL
THANK YOU

Introduction To GSM & RF MGMT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To GSM & RF MGMT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ADVANCED LEVEL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE

INTRODUCTION TO GSM BSNL

These are known as 2nd Generation System

GSM Operational BSNL

GSM Operational BSNL

Mobile to Cell - 890-915 Mhz

Cell To Mobile Down Link

Mobile to Cell Up Link

FDMA Access along Frequency axis

Total 124 RF Channels available.

In most cases 124 RF Channels are used

890 915 935 960

Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME OF 8 TIME SLOTS

PULSED TRANSMISSION BSNL

power v/s time template

4x3 Reuse Pattern

VOICE CHANNEL CODING

DIGITAL VOICE TRANSMISSION

DIGITAL VOICE TRANSMISSION

DIGITAL VOICE TRANSMISSION

TS1 TS1 TS1

Information Actually TransmittedBSNL

DIGITAL VOICE TRANSMISSION

Digital Signal Conditioning

VLR HLR EIR BSC

GSM Network Overview BSNL

Timing Advance & Power BSNL

Timing Advance & Power BSNL

Timing Advance & Power BSNL

Normal Burst BSNL

Random Access Burst

88 Bit=(88*3.69) 324.72 Micro

Frequency Correction BSNL

148 Bit=546.12 Micro

T Coded Sync. Coded T GP

148 Bit= 546.12 micro

TDMA 8 Time Slots / RF Channel

Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes

Common Control Channel

Common Control Channel

Common Control Channel

Common Control Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

Dedicated Control Channel

TCH Allocated to users only when needed

Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE

Monitors Radio Environment in order to evaluate Chl

Quality & choose the most suitable BS

OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS BSNL

MOBILE O/G Call

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH

OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS BSNL

As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH

Set up information exchanged over SDCCH

Mobile starts conversation.

IDLE MODE ----FCCH

MS I/C Call ---- PCH

You might also like