GSM PLG (E)

GSM Planning & Engg.
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Rajiv Kumar
DGM (TX-II)
ALTTC Ghaziabad
April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 1
GSM T
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NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS - I ALT CENTRE
Service Area
Estimation of traffic demand
Available frequency resources.
Evolving an optimum coverage scheme
of placing the cells over the entire
service area so as to provide complete
mobility to the subscribers.

GSM T
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NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS- II ALT CENTRE
Traffic demand estimation

-Population distribution
-Car usage distribution
-Income level distribution
-Land usage distribution
-Telephone usage distribution.

GSM T
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NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS-III ALT CENTRE
Estimation of Cell Radius

Service Area
Terrain conditions
Density of foliage
Man made structures
Signal level at an unit distance from base
station
Signal strength decay per decade of distance.
MOBILE RADIO NETWORK PLANNING
SOFTWARE TOOLS : TORNADO from SIEMENS

GSM T
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NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS-IV ALT CENTRE
MOBILE RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

SOFTWARE TOOLS
Propagation Predictions based upon various
propagation models e.g OKUMARA- HATA,
WALFISCH-IKEGAMI or special external models
written by the users
Interference analysis
Automatic frequency planning
Coverage analysis by contour plots
Comparison with actual radio field measurements
Efficient tool to load,analyze and display system
performance evaluation

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GSM Cell Planning Requirement
Provision of required Capacity
Optimum use of the available frequency spectrum
Minimum number of cell sites
Provision of adequate Coverage of the given area,
for a minimum specified level of interference
Provision of easy and smooth expansion of the network in future

GSM PLANNING: THE BASIC PROCESS T
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1. CAPACITY PLANNING
2. COVERAGE PLANNING
3. PARAMETER PLANNING
4. EQUIPMENT PLANNING
5. OPTIMIZATION.

Example : Basic Planning (1/3)
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Say the customer wants to launch his network ALT CENTRE
with 20 sites or for 10,000 subscribers in a city
. The following assumptions are made in the planning process :
25 mE average traffic per subscriber
Grade of Service 2%
Mobile to Mobile traffic 10%
Mobile to PSTN traffic 70%
Land to Mobile traffic 20%
Average to cell duration 90 seconds
Traffic capacity of 1 carrier with 7 TCHs = 2.94E
(approximately 120 subscribers ); a 1/1/1 site will have
capacity of approximately 350 subscribers.
Traffic capacity of 2 carrier with 15 TCHs = 8.2E
(approximetly 330 subscribers). A 2/2/2 site will have a
capacity of about 990 subscribers.

Example - Basic Planning (2/3) T
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Case 1: For specified number of sites (20) ALT CENTRE
1/1/1 sites (350 subs per site) 7000 subscribers.
2/2/2 sites (990 subs per site) 19800 subscribers.
Case 2: For specified capacity requirement (10000)
1/1/1 sites.10000/350 . 30 sites.
2/2/2 sites.10000/990 . 11sites.

Example - Basic Planning (3/3) T
For 10000 capacity, at 25mE traffic, the total traffic ALT
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is 250E. We assume a hypothetical distribution of
traffic as shown below:
Area Type % tfc tfc 1/1/1 2/2/2
Urban high density 20 50E 6 2
Urban 30 75E 10 3
Industrial 15 37.5E 5 2
Suburban 25 62.5E 7 3
Highways 5 12.5E 2 1
Quasi open 5 12.5E 2 1
Total 100 250E 32 12
We may choose 2/2/2 sites for first 3area types and 1/1/1 sites for the rest.
This makes a total of 18 sites. After customers approval,site selection is done.

Cell Planning (1/2) T
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What is the area to be covered ? ALT CENTRE
How many sites are required for this area ?

(cell radius of 1km means an approximate coverage
Do we need so many sites? Can some sites be bigger?
area of 3 Sq.kms).
Decide number of sites based on capacity and coverage
requirements.
Divide city into clutter types such as:
> Urban
> Suburban
> Quasi Open
> Water.
Identify search areas covering all clutter types.
Customer selects a few sample sites.
Cell Planning (2/2)
Survey sites with reference to
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> Clutter heights

> Vegetation levels
> Obstructions
> Sector orientation
> Building strength and other Civil requirements
Prepare Power budgets
Conduct Propagation tests
Calculate coverage probabilities
Verify against predictions and modify planning tool
parameters
Prepare final coverage map

RF LINK BUDGET
RF LINK BUDGET UL DL T
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TRANSMITTING END MS BTS ALT CENTRE
Tx RF Output 33 dBm 43 dBm

Body Loss -2.0dB 0dB
Combiner Loss 0dB 0dB
Feeder Loss (@2dB/100m) 0dB 1.5dB
Connector Losses 0dB 2dB
Tx Antenna Gain 0dB 17.5dB
EIRP 31dBm (A) 57dBm ( C)
RECEIVING END BTS MS

Rx sensitivity -107 dBm -102 dBm
Rx. Antenna gain 17.5dB 0dB

Diversity Gain 3dB 0dB
Connector Loss 2dB 0dB
Feeder Loss 1.5dB 0dB
Interference Degradation Margin 3dB 3dB
Body Loss 0dB 3dB
Duplexer Loss 0dB 0dB
Rx Power -121dBm -96dBm
Fade Margin 4dB 4dB
Required Isotropic Rx .Power -117dBm (B) -92dBm ( D)
Maximum Permissible Path 148dB 149dB

Propagation Loss T
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LFS = 10 log ( 4 d / )2
LFS = 32.44 +20 log (f )+ 20 log (d)

Where f = frequency in MHz
d = distance in Kms
LFS = Lo + 10 log ( d)
Where is the SLOPE of the attenuation characteristic

Multipath Environment T
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B
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Classical Propagation Models
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Basically curve fitting exercises

Okumara
Basically curve fitting exercisesCosat 231 - Hata
(similar to Hata:for 1500-2000Mhz)
Walfisch - Ikegami Cost 231
Walfisch - Xia JTC
XLOS

Okumara Model T
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The Okumara tests are valid for :

150-2000 Mhz
1-100 Kms
BTS heights of 30 -100 meters
MS antenna height , typically 1.5 m (1-10m)
The results of Okumara tests were graphically represented

PROPAGATION MODELS
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Hata Model ALT CENTRE
The basic equation for the 150-1000 MHz band is given by
Lp=69.55+ 26.16 log(f) -13.82 log (hbts)-a (hm)

+ {44.9- 6.55log(hbts)} log(d)
Where f=frequency in MHz
Hbts =BTS antenna height in meters (30-100m)
d=distance in Kms (1 to 20 Kms)
hm=mobile antenna height in meters (1-10m)
a(hm)=correction for mobile height if hm is >1.5 meters
=3.2 [log(11.75hm)-4.97 for Dense urban and
={1.1 log(f)-0.7} hm-{1.56 log (f)-0.8} for Urban areas

Okumara-Hata Model
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The path loss equation can be rewritten as : ALT CENTRE
Lp=Lo + {44.9-6.55 log (hbts)} log(d)
Where Lo=[69.55+26.16 log(f)-13.82 log (hbts)-a(hm)].

OR more conveniently
Lp=Lo +10 log (d)
is the SLOPE and is ={44.9-6.55log (hbts)} /10
typically varies from 3.5 to 4 for urban environments.

Calculate the path loss in a BTS site in an Urban environment,
given the following parameters
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Frequency : 900 MHz
BTS antenna height 30 m
Mobile antenna height 3m.
Cell radius : 5Kms
Also calculate the Attenuation slope for this site.
Lp =[69.55+26.16 log(f)- 13.82 log (hBTS) -a (hm)]+ [44.9 -6.55 log (hBTS)] log(d).
a(hm) = { 1.1 log (f) -0.7 } hm -{1.56 log (f) -0.8}
26.16 log (f) = 77.28dB
13.82 log (hSTS) = 20.41dB
[44.9-6.55log (hSTS)]log (d) = 24.62 dB
a(hm) = 3.81 dB
Path Loss Lp =69.55+77.28 -20.41 +24.62 -3.81= 147.23dB.
Attenuation Slope = [44.9-6.55 log (hSTS )]/10 =35.225/10 =3.5225.

PropagationOkumara-Hata Model
The receive signal strenth RSS is given by :
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RSS = ERP- {Lo +10 log(d)}.

The distance d can be calculated from :
d= 10 [ERP -Lo-RSS]/10
Or, from the equation for RSS,
Log (d) =[ERP-RSS-Lo]/10
ie.., d=antilog [ERP-RSS-Lo)/10 ]
Lo=69.55+26.16 log (f)-13.82 log(hbts)-a(hm).

Example- To Calculate cell radius (d)
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Calculate the cell radius for a site that has: ALT CENTRE
Frequency : 900 MHz BTS height: 30meters

Mobile height: 3 meters BTS ERP: 55dBm
Expected RSS at the cell boundary (d=R) = -75dBm.
Lo= 122.61 dB; = 3.5 (calculated in the previous example).
122.61 -75+35 log (d) =55 dBm.
log (d) = 7.39/35 =0.2111
Therefore d= antilog (0.2111) =1.62 Kms.

Signal Variations T
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RSS
Long term Fa
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Fa
average din
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Slow Fades
Distance
Standard Deviation
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Example
The RSS values obtained from a drive test in a BTS area in a city
- 80 dBm , - 79 dBm , - 77 dBm , -82.5 dBm , - 84.35 dB - 78.65 dBm
Mean RSS M = -79.97 dBm

Standard deviation = 6.068

Confidence Interval T
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M- 3 M- 2 M- M M+ M+2 M+3
68 %
95.44 %
99.72 %
Probability ALT
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Probability (P) that a random sample of RSS will have
a value of - 92dBm or better (ASSUME M=-79 & = 8)
Compute z =( x-M)/ = -92 -( - 79 )/8 = - 1.625
Refer the standard table for normal distribution curve
we get P=94.74%
Probability that RSS value would be better than -92 dBm is
P (RSS -92 dBm ) = 94.74%

Typical values for building penetration loss
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Area 75% 50 %
Coverage Coverage
Central Business area 20 dB 15 dB
Residential area 15 dB 12 dB
Industrial area 12 dB 10 dB
In Car 6 to 8 dB
If the minimum RF signal strength for 90 % coverage on

the street is ,say - 92 dBm , then for 75 % in building
coverage in a central business area ,we should have a
signal level of - 72 dBm on the road;
This shall provide - 92 dBm inside the building.

Coverage Plots
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-70dBm
-80dBm
-90dBm
-100dBm

GSM
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IMPCS-COVERAGE ALT CENTRE
CAPITAL CITIES
BUILDING --- 40 %
In Car --- 70 %
Out door --- 90 %
OTHER CITIES
BUILDING --- 20 %
In Car --- 40 %
Out door --- 90 %

Cell Planning and C/I issues
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Assume all cell are of the same size ALT CENTRE
All cells transmit the same power.

The path loss is not free space and is governed by the
attenuation constant .
The reuse distance D and cell radius R are related to
the C/I as given below:
(D/R) = 6 (C/I)
The C/I is in absolute value.

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Freq Reuse & C/I Requirement
N D/R= 3N C/I= 10log(1/6(D/R)3.5

3 3.00 8.917 dB
4 3.46 13.29 dB
7 4.58 21.80 dB
9 5.19 25.62 dB
12 6.00 29.99 dB
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CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
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D
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A Multi Cell Environment

Frequency Planning Aspects ALT
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A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
A1
A2
D1 A3 B1
D2 B2
D3 C1 B3
C2
C3

Antenna Considerations T
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Uniform coverage in a cell

Space availability
Urban Areas may have the following considerations
Several antenna sites may be needed
In - building penetration is a must
Building acts as a RF shield & hence decreases coverage
Building reflects signals & provide coverage to those areas
where LOS would have failed . Such additional paths improve
in-building penetration
Antenna at a very high point may not meet in-building
coverage requirements
Diversity Antenna Systems
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Diversity is used to combat the effects of multi path fading. ALT CENTRE
In general we have the following types of Diversity.

In the Time Domain: Interleaving
In the Frequency Domain: Frequency Hopping
In the Spatial Domain: Space Diversity
A Diversity antenna System essentially has:

Two or More antenna
A combiner circuitry.

Diverse Propagation paths ALT
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Path I C
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B
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Path II E
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Signals of both the paths should have

minimum co-relation between them
Typically the co-relation coefficient should be less than 0.7

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Antenna Diversity C
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B B B
T T T
S S S
Horizontal Separation Vertical Separation Composite Separation

Antenna Spacing
Separation D / 900Mhz 1800Mhz T
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Horizontal 10 3.3m 1.7m ALT CENTRE
Vertical 17 5.7m 2.8m

Figures given in the table are for minimum required separation.
If space is not a constraint, larger separation is always recommended.
Horizontal separation is preferred because it provides low

correlation
However, values. separation suffers from angular dependence
horizontal
Vertical separation does not suffer much from angular dependence.

It also requires minimum supporting fixtures and does not
occupy a lot of space
But, as the distance increase, the correlation between the RF
signals at the antenna points increase rapidly, thereby negating
the very advantage of space diversity.
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General Cell Planning Aspects

General Considerations - TRX Requirement ALT
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Traffic Requirements ( Erlangs)

Grade of service required
Typical Call Model
Number of carriers from Traffic requirements
Control Channel Determination
Equipment Configuration

Excerpts from Erlang B Table ALT
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No.of Grade of Service

Trunks
0.01% 0.10 0.50% 1.00% 2.00% 4.00% 5.00%
1. 0.0001 0.001 0.005 0.0101 0.0204 0.0417 0.0526
2. 0.0142 0.0458 0.1054 0.1526 0.2235 0.3333 0.3813
3. 0.0868 0.1938 0.349 0.4555 0.6022 0.812 0.8994
4. 0.2347 0.4393 0.7012 0.8694 1.0923 1.3994 1.5246
5. 0.452 0.7621 1.132 1.3608 1.6571 2.0573 2.2185
6. 0.7282 1.1459 1.6218 1.909 2.2759 2.7649 2.9603
7. 1.0541 1.5786 2.1575 2.5009 2.9354 3.5095 3.7378
8. 1.4219 2.0513 2.7299 3.1276 3.6271 4.283 4.543
9. 1.8256 2.5575 3.3326 3.7825 4.3447 5.0796 5.3702
10. 2.2601 3.092 3.9607 4.4612 5.084 5.8954 6.2157
11. 2.7216 3.8511 4.6104 5.1599 5.8415 6.7272 7.0764
12. 3.2069 4.2314 5.2789 5.876 6.6147 7.5827 7.9501
13. 3.7133 4.8305 5.9638 6.6072 7.4015 8.43 8.9349
14. 4.2387 5.4464 6.6632 7.3517 8.2003 9.2977 9.7295
15. 4.7811 6.0772 7.4755 8.108 9.0096 10.175 10.6327

Capacity Planning- Required TCH Channels -I
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RF Carriers Needed depend upon:

Number of Subscribers to be served 150 Subscribers
Average traffic per subscriber 25mE Traffic per
Grade of service GoS = 2%
150 25 mE = 3.75 E
At 150 Sub
2% GoS
8 TCH Required
Capacity Planning- TALT
TCH Channels Required -II
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200 25 mE = 5.0 E
At 200 Sub
2% GoS
10 TCH Required
Capacity Planning- TALT
TCH Channels Required -III
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300 25 mE = 7.5
At 300 Sub
2% GoS
13 TCH Required
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Control Channel Configuration ALT CENTRE
1 1. Combined Time Slot: (TS0 of BCCH Carrier)
1 BCCH + 3 CCCH + 4 SDCCH
1 2 2. Non Combined Time Slot :
( 1 BCCH + 9 CCCH ) in one time slot (TS 0)
8 SDCCH in one time slot ( any time slot )

Typical Call Parameters T
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Parameter Value
Call Duration T=120 sec
Ratio of SMS per call S=0.1
Ratio of Location updates (Non Location L=2
Area)
Ratio of Location updates ( Location Area) L=7
Hand overs per Call H=2.5
Pages per Second P=3
Time for location Update TLU= 4 sec
Time for SMS TSMS=6 sec
Call set up time Tc=5 sec
Guard time for SDCCH TG= 4 sec
Blocking Prob (GOS) for TCHs < 2%
Blocking Prob (GOS) for SDCs < 1%

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Planning of Control Channels ALT CENTRE
What is needed :
Number of control channels
Number of SDCCH channels
Whether a combined or non combined time slot is needed

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An Example (1/7 ) ALT CENTRE
Given that:
40000 subs in a Location area

Average traffic per subs = 25 mE
Calculate P
Traffic in this cell = 30 E
SMS ratio = 0.1
Other parameters assumed as given in the Table

ALT
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An Example (2/ 7 ) ALT CENTRE
Step 1 : Calculate P ( Pages per second) :

40000 subs in a Location area
Average traffic per subs = 25 mE
Hence total traffic E=40,000 25 mE= 1000 E
Average Call Duration = 120 sec.
Hence the call rate (Calls/hour) = E (120/3600)
Calls/hour =1000 (120/3600) = 30,000
Average number of mobile terminated calls = 20 % = 6,000
Assume two pages per cell . Hence number of pages / Hr=12,000
Number of pages per second = 12000/3600 = 3.333

An Example (3 / 7 ) T
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Step 2 : Calculate NPCH ( Number of Paging Channels) :
NPCH = P /(2 4.25)
NPCH = 3.333/(2 4.25)= 0.392
Step 3 : Calculate NAGCH ( Number of AGCH Channels) :
For this we need values
call = e ( 120/3600) = 900 calls/hr in the cell
SMS = call SMS = 900 0.1 = 90
LU = call L = 900 7 = 6300
AGCH = ( call + SMS + LU ) /3600 = (900 +90+6300)/3600 = 2.025 /second
N AGCH = 2.025/ (2 4.25) = 0.2382

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Step 4 : Calculate NPAGCH ( Number of PAGCH Channels) :
NPAGCH = ( NPCH + NAGCH ) / UCCCH
Where , UCCCH is the % utilization of control channels

Typically , UCCCH= 0 .33
NPAGCH = ( 0.2382 + 0.392) / .33 =1.909 blocks NAGCH
This means we need a minimum of 2 CCCH blocks

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Step 5 : Calculate SDCCH Requirement :
We need SDCCH channel during Call set-up , Location updates & SMS
Hence Erlang offered for SDCCH Channel
call TC + LU (TLU+ Tg ) + SMS (TSMS + Tg ) /3600
We Know that
Tg =4 , TC =5 , TLU = 4 , TSMS = 6 seconds from the table
SDCCH Channel Erlang = ( 900 5 + 6300 9 + 90 10 )/3600

= 17.25 E

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Step 6 : Calculate SDCCH Channels :
From Erlang Tables with GoS =1 % & E = 17.25 we see that
SDCCH Channels = 27
Each Time slot accommodates =8 SDCCH Channels
Hence we need 3 independent Time slots & one Combined Time slot
to accommodate 27 SDCCH Channels
Control channel Planning

TS 0 = Combined time slot (BCCH + 4 SDCCH) ..f BCCH
TS 1 = SDCCH ( 8 SDCCH Channels) ..f BCCH
TS 1 & TS 2 ( 16 SDCCH Channels) .f x ,any other freq.
in the cell
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Step 7 : Number of RF Carriers need
Cell Traffic = 30 E
At
2% GoS
39 TCH Required
Time slots required for traffic channels = 39
Time slots required for control channels = 4

Total Time slots required 39 + 4 = 43
So RF Carriers needed = 43/8= 5.375 = 6 (say)
Other related Planning aspects ALT
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Dimensioning of BTS equipment
Dimensioning of BSC
Dimensioning E1s needed.
Drive test after commissioning
Optimization.
Traffic Monitoring.
Plan for expansion.
These aspects are beyond the scope of this presentation

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THANK YOU

GSM PLG (E)

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GSM Planning & Engg.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 2

Traffic demand estimation

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 3

Estimation of Cell Radius

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 4

MOBILE RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 5

Provision of easy and smooth expansion of the network in future

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 6

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 7

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 8

1/1/1 sites (350 subs per site) 7000 subscribers.

2/2/2 sites (990 subs per site) 19800 subscribers.

Case 2: For specified capacity requirement (10000)

1/1/1 sites.10000/350 . 30 sites.

2/2/2 sites.10000/990 . 11sites.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 9

This makes a total of 18 sites. After customers approval,site selection is done.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 10

How many sites are required for this area ?

> Clutter heights

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 12

Tx RF Output 33 dBm 43 dBm

RECEIVING END BTS MS

Rx. Antenna gain 17.5dB 0dB

Maximum Permissible Path 148dB 149dB

LFS = 32.44 +20 log (f )+ 20 log (d)

Where is the SLOPE of the attenuation characteristic

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 14

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 15

Basically curve fitting exercises

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 16

The Okumara tests are valid for :

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 17

Lp=69.55+ 26.16 log(f) -13.82 log (hbts)-a (hm)

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 18

Lp=Lo + {44.9-6.55 log (hbts)} log(d)

Where Lo=[69.55+26.16 log(f)-13.82 log (hbts)-a(hm)].

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 19

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 20

RSS = ERP- {Lo +10 log(d)}.

Log (d) =[ERP-RSS-Lo]/10

ie.., d=antilog [ERP-RSS-Lo)/10 ]

Lo=69.55+26.16 log (f)-13.82 log(hbts)-a(hm).

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 21

Frequency : 900 MHz BTS height: 30meters

Lo= 122.61 dB; = 3.5 (calculated in the previous example).

122.61 -75+35 log (d) =55 dBm.

log (d) = 7.39/35 =0.2111

Therefore d= antilog (0.2111) =1.62 Kms.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 22

- 80 dBm , - 79 dBm , - 77 dBm , -82.5 dBm , - 84.35 dB - 78.65 dBm

Mean RSS M = -79.97 dBm

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 24

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 26

If the minimum RF signal strength for 90 % coverage on

This shall provide - 92 dBm inside the building.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 27

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 28

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 29

All cells transmit the same power.

April 22, 201 RAJIV / GSM- Plg 30