CHAPTER

Gas Power Cycles

H.K.Ma
National Taiwan University
Content 9-6
 9-6 Diesel Cycle:

Air Standard Cycles

The Compression Ignition Engine
The compression ignition engine - the
Diesel cycle
 Air Standard Compression
Ignition Engine - The Diesel cycle

An IC power cycle useful in many forms of automotive

transportation, railroad engines, and ship power plants.
Key assumptions are,
Constant specific heats, the ideal gas, and internally reversible processes.
 Ideal Indicator Diagram
Compression Ignition Engine
p c d
Processes:
Processes:
a-b
a-b Intake
Intake
e b-c
b-c Compression
Compression
c-d
c-d Combustion
Combustion
a b
d-e
d-e Power
PowerStroke
Stroke
V e-f
e-f Gas
Gas Exhaust
Exhaust
b-a
b-a Exhaust
Exhaust Stroke
Stroke
Displacement

Clearance volume
 Ideal Indicator Diagram
Compression Ignition Engine
a Processes:
p b
a-b Combustion
(P = Const.)
b-c Expansion
c
e (s = Const)
d c-d Exhaust
V (V = Const)
d-e Exhaust
(P = Const)
Displacement e-d Intake
(P = Const)
Clearance volume d-a Compression
(s = Const)
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-21
T-s and P-v
diagrams for
the ideal Diesel
cycle.

8-13
 Advantages of the Diesel Cycle

Eliminates pre-ignition of the fuel-air

mixture when compression ratio is high.
All heat transfer to a constant mass system.
The air-standard compression ignition engine

T
p = Constant b
a
QH
Wout
Win QC c
V = Constant
d

s
 Thermal efficiency of the air-
p = Constant
standard Diesel cycle
T b
a QC
QH 1
QC c QH
d
V = Constant
QH C p Tb Ta
s
QC Cv (Tc Td )

Cv (Tc Td ) (Tc Td )
1 1
C p (Tb Ta ) k (Tb Ta )
Key parameters for vd Ratio
Compression
the Diesel cycle rv
p a b va

c Expansionv Ratio
e d re c

vb
V

Displacement v
Cut Off Ratio
Clearance volume r
c
b

v a
 Thermal efficiency

1 r 1 k
p 1
k 1
c

rv k rc 1
a b

c

e d
V

Displacement
Clearance volume
p a b Air-standard Diesel cycle
c
e Thermal Efficiency
d
V
1 rck 1
1 k 1
Displacement rv k rc 1
Clearance volume

vb vd
Cut Off Ratio: rc Compression Ratio: rv
va va
vc
Expansion Ratio: re
vb
 Important features of the Diesel cycle

At rc = 1, the Diesel and Otto cycles have the same efficiency.

Physical implication for the Diesel cycle: No change in volume when heat
is supplied.
A high value of k compensates for this.
For rc > 1, the Diesel cycle is less efficient than the Otto cycle.
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-22
Thermal efficiency
of the ideal Diesel
cycle as a function
of compression and
cutoff ratios (k =
1.4).

8-14
 Efficiency Comparisons
(Approximate)

rc = 1

rc > 1

rv
 Effect of variable specific heats

Efficiency is based on internal

energies and enthalpies obtained
from the gas tables which take into
account variable specific heats.

u a ub
1
ha hb
 Key terms and concepts

Air-standard Diesel Cycle

Expansion ratio
Pressure ratio
Cut of ratio
Compression ignition
Comparison of the Otto and Diesel
cycles
 Comparison of the Otto and Diesel cycles

Comparison No. 1: (a) Same inlet state (P,V)

(b) Same compression
ratio, rv
(c) Same QH

Key factor: Constant volume heat addition of the Otto

cycle vs. constant pressure heat addition of
the Diesel cycle.
p c
Otto cycle with a specified
inlet condition at a with
a given compression ratio
b
rv = va/vb

Displacement V
p c Otto and Diesel cycles with
same compression inlet
conditions at a and the
same compression ratio, rv.
b c*
d*
d

Displacement V
 p c

b c*
d*
d
a
V
Diesel Cycle Otto Cycle

1
1 rc 1



k
1 r 1 k
k 1

v
rv k rc 1
 First Law analysis of the heat addition
process

dU Q W
Otto: Heat addition with V = 0 in process b c.
W = 0, and P and T increase
Diesel: Heat addition with P = Constant
in process b c*.
dW > 0, and P and T lower that
in the Otto cycle.
 V = Const.
Tc Otto Cycle
T c
Tc* c*
P = Const.
Diesel Cycle
b
d*
d
a

s
 T-s diagrams for equal heat addition

Tc
T c
Tc* c* The areas under
QH the process paths
b c and b c*
b are equal under the
d*
d assumption of
a
equal heat addition,
s QH.
QH,Otto = QH,Diesel
 Efficiency comparisons

T Tc c
Tc* c*
When QH and rv are
the same for both
b
d* cycles,
a d
OTTO DIESEL
s

QC,Otto < QC,Diesel

 Comparison of the Otto and Diesel cycles

Comparison No. 2: (a) Same inlet state (P,V)

(b) Same maximum P
(c) Same QH

Comparison No. 2 is more practical when the knocking

effect is considered. In the Otto cycle, about 11 atm are
needed to achieve combustion with engine knock.
T Diesel Cycle c
c* Otto Cycle

b*
b
d
a d* V = Const.
P = Const.
s
DIESEL OTTO
Gas Power Systems - 3

The Dual Cycle

 The Dual cycle

The dual cycle is designed to capture capture some of the

advantages of both the Otto and Diesel cycles.
It it is a better approximation to the actual operation of the
compression ignition engine.
p QH,P The Dual cycle
b c
QH,V s = Constant

a d
QC,V
e

V
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-23
P-v diagram
of an ideal
dual cycle.

8-15
 p QH,P
b c
QH,V

a d
QC,V
e

V
C v (Td Te )
1
CV (Tb Ta ) C P (TC Tb )
(Td Te )
1
(Tb Ta ) k (TC Tb )
 QH,P Ve
b c rv
QH,V
Va
Vc
a d
rc
Vb
e Pb
rP
V Pa

1 r r 1
k
p c
1 k 1
r
v rp 1 krp (rc 1)