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DEFINITION
Ecological successionis the observed
process of change in the species
structure of anecologicalcommunity
over time. The time scale can be
decades (for example, after a wildfire),
or even millions of years after a mass
extinction.
Energy Flow In EcoSystem
Energy And
Energy Flow
Producer
(100 units)
As the flow of energy
takes place, there is
Herbivorous
gradual loss of
(20 units)
energy at each level
Carnivorous
(2 units)
Decomposer
(0.2 units)
Where does the remaining energy go??
Double or Y
Channel Energy Flow
Conclusions
The important point in Y-shaped model is that the two food chains are not
isolated from each other. This Y- shaped model is more realistic and practical
working model than the single-channel model because,
(ii) it separates the grazing and detritus chains (direct consumption of living
plants and utilization of dead organic matter respectively) in both time and
space, and
(iii) that the micro-consumers (absorptive bacteria, fungi) and the macro-
consumers (phagotrophic animals) differ greatly size-metabolism relations.
Single Channel Energy Flow
Conclusions
From the energy flow diagram two things become
clear.
Tertiary 10 J
consumers
Secondary 100 J
consumers
Primary
consumers 1000 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
Energy Use By An Herbivore
Algae
eaten by
Uhu
Cellular
Feces
Respiration
Growth
Energy Flow in Marine Food chain
and Food web
Comparison Of Energy Flow in Food Chain
and Food Web
Competitive relationships in food webs can reduce
productivity at top levels
Phytoplankton
(100 units) Phytoplankton
(100 units)
Herbivorous
Zooplankton Herbivorous
(20 units) Zooplankton
(20 units)
Carnivorous
Zooplankton A Carnivorous Carnivorous
(2 units) Zooplankton A Zooplankton B
(1 units) (1 units)
Fish (0.2 units)
Fish (0.1 units)
Unidirectional energy
Bidirectional energy Flow