DONATION, REFORM AND SCHISM:

THE ROAD TO THE SEPARATION

 1
Religion as a public service in
the Late Roman Empire (third,
fourth and fifth centuries).
Public Expense:
Road building
Wall reparing
Keeping of the army
Public administration salaries
Building of the large capitals
Cult
Others
 Cult = Public service

Temple building = obligation of the Roman state

(up to 312)
 Milan Edict (313):
tolerance edict
(Constantine I )

Temple and church building

=
Obligation of the Roman state
(313 380)
 Thessalonica Edict (380):
(Theodosius I the Great)

* Chistianity = oficial religion

of the Roman empire.

* Church building= Roman state obligation

* Cult activities = public service

* Churches = public buildings

 Encreasing participation in the
worship functions over the
imperial public expenses.

Justinian I (527-565):
The difference between priesthood
and empire is slight, as it is weak the
difference between the sacred goods
and those that belong to the
community and the State, since it is the
Imperial Power generosity the one who
gives to the Holy churches the totality
of its resources
 Church properties =
State goods.
(Roman, Carolingian and Byzantine empires)

* Non separable
* Forfeitable goods for other purposes
Bishop of Rome = Vicars of Peter

Emperors = Vicars of God

(based on the ancient idea of Diocletian
about the sacred figure of the emperors:
Dominus et Deus)
 Emperor functions as vicars of God according to Justinian I:

* As dominus et sacerdos: linking the notion of a fair and merciful government to the Orthodoxy of faith.
* As supreme lord: having the aim of defending the Church integrity.
* As a defender of Orthodoxy: assuming the responsibility of acting against Jews and pagans.
The imperial ideology of the Vicary of God was appropiated by:

Visigoth kingdom (Liber Iudicum: the king as the head of the social body, stated by God).
Carolingian Empire
Sacred Roman Empire
French kingdom
English kingdom
 2
Changing winds in the West versus stoicism in the East
 Western Europe:
a) before the fall of Rome:
Base of the emperor authority: a powerful central army (acknowledgement because of respect to the imperial figure). The emperor as
dominus et dei (after dominus et sacerdos).

b) after the fall of Rome:

Base of the barbarian kings authority: delivery of fiscal lands (loyalty based on reciprocity). Kings as primus inter pares .
 Western Europe
after 476:

The barbarian kings resort to the Church so as to get stability and to impose the
hereditarian succession through unction.
Up to the seventh century there were five pathriarcal headquarters, shearing the same rank:

Jerusalem
Antioch
Alexandria
Rome
Constantinople
 The empire of Justinian I
(527-565)

Administrative organization
During the seventh century three pathriarchates were left apart from the competence because of the breaking in of the
Islam:

Antioch (636)
Jerusalem (638)
Alexandria (646)
Arab sieges to Constantinopla:
674 678
717- 718
Christian victories
However, Constantinople loses its relative position as regards Rome due to:
* Arab invasions.
* Lombard invation and conquest of Italy.
* Constantine Donation.
* Rising of the Carolingian empire.
* Justice and administrative functions in the hands of clergy in the western towns.
 3
Constantine Donation:

Main earthly pretensions exposed through forgery:

And we ordain and decree that he shall
have the supremacy as well over the four
principal seats, Alexandria, Antioch,
Jerusalem, and Constantinople, as also
over all the churches of God in the whole
earth. And the Pontiff, who at the time
shall be at the head of the holy Roman
church itself, shall be more exalted than,
and chief over, all the priests of the
whole world, and according to his
judgment everything which is provided
for the service of God and for the
stability of the faith of Christians is to
be administered
And to our Father, the Blessed Sylvester, supreme Pontiff and Pope universal, of the city of Rome, and to all the
Pontiffs, his successors, who shall sit in the seat of the Blessed Peter even unto the end of the world, we by this
present do give our imperial Lateran palace, then the diadem, that is, the crown of our head, and at the same
time the tiara and also the shoulder-band,-that is, the strap that usually surrounds our imperial neck
and holding the bridle of his horse,
out of reverence for the Blessed
Peter, we performed for him the duty
of groom, decreeing that all his
successors, and they alone, use this
same tiara in processions in imitation
of our power.
 Wherefore we have perceived it to be
fitting that our empire and the power of
our kingdom should be transferred in the
regions of the East, and that in the
province of Byzantia, in the most fitting
place, a city should be built in our name,
and that our empire should there be
established, for where the supremacy of
priests and the head of the Christian
religion has been established by the
heavenly Emperor, it is not right that
there an earthly emperor should have
jurisdiction
 4
From the dark centuries up to the reform of
monk Hildebrand (Gregory VII).
 A comparison between the
churches of:
The East: The West:

* Emperor = Vicar of * Rome vs. Seville,

God on the Earth. Toledo, Cordova,
* Caesaropapism. Reims and Lyon.
* Heresies: * Visigoth teocracy.
Monophysitism, * The pope is one
Monothelitism, more among several
Iconoclasm. bishops.
* Strongly tied to * Lack of an imperial
the emperor. protection up to 750.
 With the Carolingians the popes will be able to:

* Protect the goods and lands of the church from the Lombards and Byzantines.
* Substract from the basileus authority from Byzantium.
* Treapass the royal dignity among dinasties.
* Crown emperors.
However Charlemagne would
impose a new ideology when
nominating the stablishment
of a new clergy functional to
politic in eclesiatic matters =
cesaropapism.
 5
Louis the Merciful, the benedictine rule and
Cluny
 Louis the Merciful (813-840) with Benedict of Aniane: General Reform of monastic order

*They foster the benetictine rule.

* The regular clergy recover its role in the worship and praying.
* Free election of the abbot.
 Otto I the Great ( 936- 973) came back to the to the old system:

* Priest investitures as political tool.

* Kyrchensystem: The bishops were imperial agents in the towns and the count-bishops in the counties.
* Bishopric and Counties: when the count-bishop died they automatically reverted in the king.
*.The smashing of the real stock of fiscal lands was avoided.
* The count-bishop were esential in the emperor election.
As an oposition to the secular clergy, a regular one was introduced. This was originated
in the monasteries where the abbot was still being elected with freedom Among them,
Cluny was outstanding, founded fy William the Merciful. (Aquitaine, 909)
Cluny soon became a monastic empire through :

*The benedictine rule.

*The free election of the abbot.
*The control of far away headquarters.
*The reception of huge merciful donations.
The efforts of the regular clergy were focused in attacking three questions that ate away the
Western Church structute :

. * Blood taboo: not bearing weapons except for the spiritual ones.
* Money taboo: againt simony.
* Flesh taboo: againt nicholaism and in favor of priestly celibacy.
 Clunys achievements:

1- Free election of the abbot.

2- Leaving the old tradition of the lay specialist in praying.
3-. The benefit of the exclusive ownership of the land by St Peter of Rome.
4- Elimination of the lay interference.
5- The building of a hierarchical-corporative trans regional model.
6-. Contribution so as to get God Peace and Truce Peace.
7- Fight against simony.
8- Comdemn to clergical matrimony or cohabitation.
 6
The Church before the Eastern Schism.

Situation up to the end of the X century

 The East: Constantinople
V Century
Gelasius (pope) vs Anastasius (emperor).

The pope reprimended the emperor with the following terms:

 There are two, august emperor,
by whom this world is mainly
governed: the sacred authority of
the clergy and the royal power. Of
the two, their sacerdotal power is
much more important since it has
to give explanations of the same
kings of men to the divine court.

(Gelasio Anastasio)
 The East: Constantinople since the VI century.

* Cesaropapism.
* Supremacy of the basileus over the patriarch.
* The matter of the original doctrine of the two swords had been solved since Justinian I.
* The basileus was the vicar of God over the Earth.
 The West: Rome
IV Century
Saint Ambrose, archbishop of Milan versusTheodosius I:

Palaces belong to the emperor, Churches to clergy

 The West:
(France, Spain, England, Denmark, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Bohemia, etc.)

* Aknowledgement of the pope supremacy in faith matters.

* Anyway, bishops do not stop getting orders including in religious questions of doctine.
* The descentralization of the church makes the figure of the pope weak.
*The secular and spiritual swords are in the hands of emperors.
* Otto I the Great: Rome protector.
 Paradogically it was the
assistance of the German
Imperial power and the idea
of Cluny of a regular trans-
regional and vertical
structure what saved the
popacy from the long
medieval night.
 7
The Gregorian reform and its implications:
XI Century

Gregory VII excommunicating Henry IV

 Dictatus Papae (1075):
1- That the Roman church was founded by God alone.
2- That the Roman pontiff alone can with right be called universal.
3- That he alone can depose or reinstate bishops.
4- That, in a council his legate, even if a lower grade, is above all bishops, and can pass sentence of deposition against them.
5- That the pope may depose the absent.
6- That, among other things, we ought not to remain in the same house with those excommunicated by him.
7- That for him alone is it lawful, according to the needs of the time, to make new laws, to assemble together new congregations, to make an abbey of a canonry; and, on the other hand, to divide a rich bishopric and unite the poor ones.
8- That he alone may use the imperial insignia.
9- That of the pope alone all princes shall kiss the feet.
 Dictatus Papae (1073):
10- That his name alone shall be spoken in the churches.
11- That this title is unique in the world.
12- That it may be permitted to him to depose emperors.
13- That he may be permitted to transfer bishops.
14- That he has power to ordain a clerk of any church he may wish.
15- That he who is ordained by him may preside over another church, but may not hold a subordinate position; and that such a one may not receive a higher grade from any bishop.
16- That no synod shall be called a general one without his order.
17- That no chapter and no book shall be considered canonical without his authority.
18- That a sentence passed by him may be retracted by no one; and that he himself, alone of all, may retract it.
19- That he himself may be judged by no one.
 Dictatus Papae (1073):
20- That no one shall dare to condemn one who appeals to the apostolic chair.
21- That to the latter should be referred the more important cases of every church.
22- That the Roman church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness.
23- That the Roman pontiff, if he have been canonically ordained, is undoubtedly made a saint by the merits of St. Peter
24- That, by his command and consent, it may be lawful for subordinates to bring accusations.
25- That he may depose and reinstate bishops without assembling a synod.
26- That he who is not at peace with the Roman church shall not be considered catholic.
27- That he may absolve subjects from their fealty to wicked men.
 Consequence of the new papal ideology.

* Confiscate God vicarage.

* Rome supremacy over the other patriarchal headquarters.
*Turn the pope into the head of a theocratic state.
* Reinforce the idea of Petridad of Peter.
* Separation of the person who takes the charge from the charge itself.
 8
Big clouds in the East:
The patriarch Michael Cerularius vs Isaac I Komnenos

Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople

 Michael I Cerularius and Isaac I Comneno (1057-1059):

Ally in the beginning against Michael VI, then they faught for
the ownership of God vicarage over the Earth as in the West.
Michael Attaleiates, Byzantine historian of the time said about the dispute:

By that time the Patriarch, high-spirited by a superiority feeling, believing himself with more
authority over all type of matters including those which exceeded his charge and confident in the
sovereigns benevolence, used to reprove the emperor when he did not like an imperial decision
 Miguel Ataliates (continuation)

Sometimes he did this with paternal attitudes and

pieces of advice, and other times with insults and
menacing orders which were a slap to the face of
the one who was used to listening praises and nice
flattering words. Soon this brought about the
enmity with the emperor, who finally considered an
insult what he had taken as some advice before
 Different from what had happened in the West, where the
papacy defeated the the Sacred Roman Empire after the
Investuture Controversy, in the East the power of the basileus
was imposed over the Cerulariuss pretentions.
 Conclusion:

Both, in theEast as in the West, a third power emerged successfully over the involved parts.
* In the West it was the French with the Avignon matter.
* On the other side, in the East it was the chiefs of the IV Cruzade who made the emperors and patriarchs of Nicea go into exile.