Dynamics

Ch.2: Kinetics of Particles

(Force Method)

Dr. Mohammed Sobhi

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 Newtons Second Law of Motion
If the resultant force acting on a particle is not
zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and
in the direction of the resultant.
r r
F ma
If particle is subjected to several forces:
r r
F ma
We must use a Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is
not accelerating or rotating.
If no force acts on particle, particle will not accelerate, i.e., it will
remain stationary or continue on a straight line at constant
velocity.
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Linear Momentum of a Particle
r r
r dv
F ma m dt
r d r
d
mv
dt dt
L
r r
L mv Linear momentum
r r&
Sum of forces = rate of change of linear momentum F L
r
If F 0 linear momentum is constant

Principle of conservation of linear momentum

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Equations of Motion
Newtons second law F ma

Convenient to resolve into components:

Fx i Fy j Fz k m a x i a y j a z k
Fx ma x Fy ma y Fz ma z
Fx mx Fy my Fz mz

For tangential and normal components:

F t mat F n man
dv v2
F t m dt F n m
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Alternate expression of Newtons law:
r r
r F ma 0
ma inertia vector
If we include inertia vector, the system of
forces acting on particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is said to be in
dynamic equilibrium.

Inertia vectors are often called inertia

forces as they measure the resistance
that particles offer to changes in
motion.

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 Problem 1

SOLUTION:
Draw a free body diagram
Apply Newtons law. Resolve
into rectangular components

An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find

the magnitude of the force P required to give the
block an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to the right. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
plane is k = 0.25.

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 Problem 1

Psin30
Fx ma :
Pcos30 P cos30 0.25 N 80 2.5
200

W mg 80 9.81 785 N Fy 0 :
F k N 0.25 N N P sin 30 785 0
Solve for P and N
N P sin 30 785
P cos30 0.25 P sin 30 785 200
P 534.7 N
N 1052.4 N 7
 Problem 2

The two blocks shown start from rest.

The horizontal plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is assumed to
be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the
tension in the cord. 8
Problem 2
Kinematic relationship: If A moves xA to
O
the right, B moves down 0.5 xA
x xB 12 x A aB 12 a A
y Draw free body diagrams & apply Newtons law:
F x mAa A T1 100 a A

F y mB aB mB g T2 mB aB
300 9.81 T2 300 aB
T2 2940- 300 aB

F y mC aC T2 2T1 0
2940- 300 aB 2T1 0 2940- 300 aB 200a A 0
2940- 300 aB 2 200aB 0
aB 4.2 m / s 2 a A 8.4 m / s
2
T1 840 N T2 1680 N

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Problem 3

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a

vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position shown, find the velocity
and acceleration of the bob in that position.

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 Problem 3
Resolve into tangential and normal components:
Ft mat : mg sin 30 mat
at g sin 30
at 4.9 m s 2

Fn man : 2.5mg mg cos 30 man

an g 2.5 cos 30
an 16.03 m s 2

Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.

v2
2 m 16.03 m s 2
mgsin30
an v an

mgcos30 v 5.66 m s

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Problem 4
SOLUTION:
The car travels in a horizontal circular
path with a normal component of
acceleration directed toward the center
of the path.The forces acting on the car
are its weight and a normal reaction
from the road surface.

Resolve the equation of motion for

Determine the rated speed of a the car into vertical and normal
highway curve of radius = 400 m components.
banked through an angle = 18o. The
rated speed of a banked highway curve Solve for the vehicle speed.
is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to
be exerted at its wheels.

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Sample Problem 4
Resolve the equation of motion for
the car into vertical and normal
components.
Fy 0 : R cos W 0
W
R
cos
W
Fn man : R sin an
SOLUTION: g

The car travels in a horizontal circular W W v2

sin
path with a normal component of cos g
acceleration directed toward the center Solve for the vehicle speed.
of the path. The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal v 2 g tan
reaction from the road surface. 9.81 m s 2 400 m tan 18

v 35.7m / s
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