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Introduction
In other words
2. Distribution of:
-- Second phases
3. Powder Consolidation:
-- Green density
-- Pore size distribution
Important Parameters in Sintering
4. Firing/Sintering:
-- Heating rate
-- Temperature
-- Time
-- Applied pressure
-- Atmosphere
Important Parameters in Sintering
A MODEL SKETCH
Stages of Sintering
Second Stage
Densification and pore shrinkage. If grain
boundaries are formed after the first stage, these
are new source of atoms for filling up the
concave areas which diminishes the outer
surface of the particle.
Third Stage
Grain growth takes place, the pores break up
and form closed spherical bubbles.
Stages of Sintering
Polycrystalline
particle
Liquid
Liquid Phase Sintering
Polycrystalline
particle
Liquid
Liquid Phase Sintering
Wetting is a very important phenomena which
is happening during LPS.
Figure represents the surface tensions of a
multi-phase junction as vectors drawn parallel
to the respective surfaces.
lv
sv
sl
Liquid Phase Sintering
The surface energies for different interfaces is given by
sl = solid/liquid
sv = solid/vapor
lv = liquid/vapor
The vectors representing these surface energies must
balance at the three phase triple junction. The equation
representing this balance is known as Youngs equation;
sv sl cos( )lv
Liquid Phase Sintering
lv
sv
sl
lv
Large sv, wetting
sv
small
sl
AB BL cos(B ) AL cos(A)
Examples of LPS
Schematically
Sintering Procedure
1)Re-Pressing
Even with the best control that is feasible
in practice, there will inevitably be some
variation in the dimensions of parts
produced from a given material in a given
die set
Post Sintering Operations
2) Hot Re-Press
Hot Repressing will give even greater
densification, with consequent greater
improvement in the mechanical properties,
but less accurate control of the final
dimensions is to be expected
Post Sintering Operations
4) Forging
Forging is a comparatively recent
technique in which a blank is hot re-
pressed in a closed die which significantly
changes the shape of the part, and at the
same time can give almost complete
density and hence mechanical properties
approaching or even surpassing those of
traditional wrought parts
Post Sintering Operations
5) Infiltration
An alternative method of improving the
strength of inherently porous sintered parts
is to fill the surface connected pores with a
liquid metal having a lower melting point.
Pressure is not required, capillary action is
sufficient
Post Sintering Operations
6) Impregnation
This term is used for a process analogous
to infiltration except that the pores are
filled with an organic as opposed to a
metallic material
Post Sintering Operations
7) Heat Treatment
Although many, perhaps the bulk of
sintered structural parts are used in the as-
sintered or sintered and sized condition,
large quantities of iron-based parts, are
supplied in the hardened and tempered
conditions. Heating should be in a gas
atmosphere followed by oil-quenching
Post Sintering Operations
8) Surface-Hardening
Carburizing and carbonitriding of PM parts
is extensively used, and again gaseous
media are indicated
Post Sintering Operations
9) Steam Treatment
A process peculiar to PM parts is steam-
treatment which involves exposing the part
at a temperature around 500C to high
pressure steam. This leads to the formation
of a layer of magnetite.
Post Sintering Operations
10) Blueing
Heating in air at a lower temperature (200-
250C) can also be used to provide a thin
magnetite layer that gives some increase in
corrosion resistance, but it is much less
effective than steam treatment
Post Sintering Operations
11) Plating
Sintered parts may be plated in much the
same way as wrought or cast metals, and
copper, nickel, cadmium, zinc, and
chromium plating are all used.
Post Sintering Operations
12) Coatings
A large percentage of hard metal cutting
tool inserts are now coated using chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor
deposition (PVD)
Post Sintering Operations
14) De-burring
De-burring is done with sintered parts, and
is used to remove any 'rag' on edges,
resulting from the compacting operation or
a machining step
Advantages of Sintering