State Variable Analysis

Prepared By:
Surajkant Singh
130070110065
Tamoghna Chattopadhyay
130070110070

Under The Guidance Of: Prof. Chintan Patel

Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya
Gujarat Technological University
Need Of State Variable
Analysis
Modern control theory is contrasted with
conventional control theory. It is applicable
to MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
systems, which may be linear or non linear,
time variant or time varying systems.

Conventional control theory, is applicable

only to linear time invariant SISO (Single
Input Single Output) systems.
State Variable Analysis
In state variable analysis, with
the help of state variables, the Input Signals Output
condition of the system can be Signals
defined at any instant of time. u1(t)
u2(t) System
A simple practical example of a
state variable is the state of an
on-off light switch.
x(0) Initial
conditions
The switch can be in either the
on or the off position, and thus u(t) y(t)
the state of the switch can
assume one of two possible System
values. Input Output
Thus, if we know the present
state (position) of the switch at t 0
and if an input is applied, we are
able to determine the future
value of the state of the
element.
State
The state of a dynamic system is the smallest set
of variables such that the knowledge of these
variables a t = t0, with the knowledge of input for
tt0 completely determines the behavior of the
system for any time tt0.

In other words, the state of a system represents

the minimum amount of information that we
need to know about at system at t0 such that its
future behavior can be determined without
reference to the input before t0.
State Variables
The state variables of a dynamic system
are the variable which make up the
smallest set of variables that determine the
state of the dynamic system.

If at least n variables are needed to

completely describe the behavior of a
dynamic system, then such n variables are
a set of state variables.
State Vector
If n state variables are needed to completely
describe the behavior of a given system,
then these n state variables can be
considered the n components of a vector x.
Such a vector is aclled a state vector.

A state vector is a vector that determines

uniquely, the system state x (t) for any time
tt0 once the state at t = t0 is given and the
input u (t) fo tt0 is specified.
State Space
The n dimensional space where x1 axis, x2
axis, . , xn axis, where x1, x2, . , xn are
state cariables, is called the state space.

Any state can be represented by a point in

the state space.
State Space Representation
A continuous linear time invariant state
space model takes the following form:

A = System Matrix B = Input Matrix

C = Output Matrix D = Feedforward
Matrix
For an RLC Circuit
For an RLC Circuit
The state variables
are i(t) and q (t).
di 1
L Ri idt v t
dt C

But , i t dq dt
d 2q dq 1
L 2 R q v t
dt dt C

dq
And , i
dt

di 1 R 1
q i v t
dt LC L L
For an RLC Circuit
The state variables
are i(t) and q (t).

1
vL t q t Ri t v t
C
For an RLC Circuit
The state variables In Matrix Form:
are i(t) and q (t).

x Ax Bu
dq dt q
x x
di dt i

0 1 0
A B
1 / LC R / L 1 L

y Cx Du
y vL t
C 1 C R D 1
u v t
For an RLC Circuit
The state variables In Matrix Equation
are i(t) and q (t). Form:

x Ax Bu
y Cx Du
State Space Model:
dq dt 0 1 q 0
di dt 1 / LC
R / L i 1 L
v(t )

q
vL t 1 C R 1 v(t )
i
For a Mechanical Circuit

y2 y1
K

M2 M1 f (t )

B3 B1

B2
For a Mechanical Circuit

y2 y1
K
M2 M1 f (t )

B3 B1
B2

M 1 y1 B1 y 1 B2 ( y 1 y 2 ) K ( y1 y 2 ) f (t )
M 2 y 2 B3 y 2 B2 ( y 2 y 1 ) K ( y 2 y1 ) 0
 For a Mechanical Circuit

y2 y1
K
M2 M1 f (t )

B3 B1
B2

x1 y1 y 2 x 1 0 1 1 x1 0
x K ( B B2 ) B2 x 1 f (t )
let x 2 y 1 2 M 1
M1 M1 2 M
x 3 x3 1
( B2 B3 )
1
x3 y 2
K B2
0
M 2 M2 M 2