PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS: 3G (IMT2000)

Ian F. Akyildiz

Broadband & Wireless Networking Laboratory

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tel: 404-894-5141; Fax: 404-894-7883
Email: ian@ece.gatech.edu
Web: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn
 IMT-2000
Higher data rates to support multimedia applications, high
spectral efficiency, standardize as many interfaces as
possible, and provide compatibility to services within the
IMT-2000.
Requirements include:
Improved voice quality (wireline quality)
Data rates up to 384 kbps everywhere and 2 Mbps
indoor
Support for packet and circuit switched data services
Seamless incorporation of existing 2G and satellite
systems
Seamless international roaming
Support for several simultaneous multimedia connections

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 Comparison of 2G and 3G
Systems
2G 3G
Digital Modulation, Speech, Increased Use
Technology Channel Coding also Software Radios

Vehicular, Pedestrian, Vehicular, Pedestrian,

Environments
FWA Office, FWA, Satellite

Frequency 800MHz, 900MHz,

2 GHz
Bands 1.5GHz, 1.8GHz
Higher Data Rates;
Low/Medium Rates;
Services Circuit/Packet Switched
Primarily Voice, Data and Multimedia Services

Roaming Restricted Global Roaming

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 3G Wireless Systems
Sixteen proposals are accepted to IMT-2000 systems family. Ten
for terrestrial 3G networks, and six for MSSs (Mobile Satellite
services)
IMT DS (Direct Sequence)
(UTRAN FDD and W-CDMA)
IMT MC (Multi-carrier)
3G version of IS-95 (called cdmaOne)
cdma2000
IMT TC (Time Code)
(UTRAN TDD)
IMT SC (Single Carrier)
Essentially a manifestation of GSM Phase2+
( EDGE)
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 Proposals for 3G Standards
The most important IMT-2000 Systems IMT-DS and
IMT-MC
W-CDMA (IMT-DS & TC):
Developed by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
UTRA TDD and UTRA-FDD
Backers Ericsson, Nokia, NTT DoCoMo.
Korea TTA II is similar to W-CDMA
cdma2000 (IMT-MC):
Compatible with IS-95
Further developed by the 3G Partnership Project
Number 2 (3GPP2)
Backers Qualcomm, Lucent, and Motorola.
Korea TTA I is similar to cdma2000

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 3G ARCHITECTURE

Hierarchical
Cell Structure
Global Roaming
Radio
Spectrum

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 Key Features & Objectives of 3G

Global System (all existing systems &

terminal types)
Worldwide market place & Off-the-shelf
compatible equipment
Worldwide common frequency band &
roaming
Audio, video and data services including
packet Data & multimedia Services
High service quality
Flexible radio bearers

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 Key Features & Objectives of
3G
Bandwidth-On-Demand Capabilities (low
rate paging messages high rate video
or file transfer)
Asymmetrical channels
Improved security
Distributed & coherent network
management
Compatibility of services within IMT 2000
Scalable

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 Objectives of 3G
High-quality speech using low bit rates
Advanced addressing mechanisms
Virtual home environment for service
Seamless indoor, outdoor and far door
Dual mode/band of operation of
GSM/UMTS in one network
Roaming between GSM and UMTS
networks

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 UMTS
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) is the European version of a 3 rd
Generation (3G) mobile communication
system.
It is proposed by 3GPP (3rd generation partnership
project).
It includes two parts: UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network) and the Core network inherited
from GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).
UMTS is a wideband, circuit- and packet-
based transmission systems of text, digitized
voice, video, and multimedia with data rates
up to 2 Mbps (possibly higher).

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 UMTS Services and
Their Relationship to
Servicethe Internets
Session Type Protocols Internet
Category Elements
Location-based WWW HTTP, WML, ISP, portal,
info- and cHTML, servers
entertainment xHTML
Intranet access All types- IP, higher ISP, firewall
(mobile VPN), transparent layers server,
mobile office, tunnel transparent corporate
mobile portal
commerce
Internet access All types- IP, higher ISP, portal
transparent layers
tunnel transparent

Multimedia SMS, e-mail, SMTP, SMS, ISP, email,

messaging downloading IP SMS-server
Audio, video, File transfer, MP3, MPEG- ISP, portal,
download streaming 4, FTP, IP- database
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 Data rate and
Spectrum
Maximum data rate and maximum speed for different
hierarchical layer
Macrolayer: 144 kbps with max. speed of 500km/h.
Microlayer: 384 kbps with max speed of 120km/h
Picolayer: 2Mbps with 10km/h
Bit Error Rate (BER)
Real-time applications: 10-3 to 10-7 with maximum
constant delay: 20ms to 300 ms
No real-time applications: 10 -5 to 10-8 with maximum
delay >= 150ms.
Spectrum: 1900 MHz-2025 MHz, and 2110 -2200 MHz
FDD (macro- and micro- cells: uplink is from 1920
MHz to 1980 MHz, downlink is from 2110 MHz to 2170
MHz
TDD (pico- cells: not divided by use of different
frequency carriers (not suitable for large prop
delays).
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 Network
Architecture
UTRAN CN
VLR
PSTN
Node B
Radio
UMTS MSC GMSC
Subscriber Network
Identity controller
ISDN
module Node B

User
HLR
equipment Radio
Node B Network
Mobile controller
equipment SGSN GGSN
Internet

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 Radio Network Controller
(RNC)

One RNC controls one or more Node Bs.

It may be connected via Iu interface to an
MSC (IuCS), or to an SGSN via Iu (IuPS).
The interface between RNCs (Iur) is
logical interface, and a direct physical
connection does not necessarily exist.
An RNC is comparable to a base station
controller (BSC) in GSM networks.

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 RNC Functions
Iub (Node B and RNC) transport resources
management
Control of Node B logical O&M resources
System information management and scheduling
Traffic management of common channels
Soft handover
Power control for uplink and downlink
Admission control
Traffic management of shared channels
Macro diversity combining/splitting of data
streams transferred over several Node Bs.

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 Node B
Node B is the UMTS equivalent of a base station
transceiver. It may support one or more cells,
although in general only one cell one Node B.
It is a logical terminal and the base station is often
used for physical entity.
Functions
Mapping of Node B logical resources onto hardware
resources
Uplink power control
Reporting of uplink interference measurements and
downlink power information
Contains the air interface physical layer, it has to perform
many functions such as RF processing, modulations, coding,
and so on.

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 WCDMA Air
Interface
In UMTS, the UTRAN is used to keep the mobility
management (MM) and connection management
(CM) layers independent of the air interface radio
technology
This idea is realized as the concepts of access
stratum (AS) and nonaccess stratum (NAS)
AS: functional entity that includes radio access
protocols between the user equipment (UE) and
the UTRAN (terminate here).
NAS: includes core network (CN) protocols
between the UE and the CN itself.
The NAS protocols can be kept the same, thus, the
GSMs MM and CM resources are used almost
unchanged in 3G NAS.
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 UMTS Architecture
UE UTRAN CN

Core network Non-access Stratum Core network

protocols protocols

Access Stratum

Radio Radio lu lu
Protocols Protocols Protocols Protocols

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 Layered
Architecture
There are three protocol layers in the AS
Physical layer (L1)
Data link layer (L2)
Medium access control (MAC)
Radio link control (RLC)
Broadcast/multicast control (BMC)
Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)
Network layer (L3)
Radio resource control (RRC)
There is one layer (L3) in the NAS
Mobility management
Call management

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 RLC Services
These functions are provided to upper layers:
Segmentation and reassembly of
higher-layer PDUs (Protocol Data Unit)
into/from smaller RLC payload units
Padding
Transfer of user data
Error corrections
In-sequence delivery of higher-layer
PDUs
Ciphering
Sequence number check
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 RLC Functions
These functions (for itself) are supported by the
Segmentation and reassembly of higher-
layer PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) into/from
smaller RLC payload units
Padding
Transfer of user data
Error corrections
In-sequence delivery of higher-layer PDUs
Flow control
Ciphering
Sequence number check

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 RRC Services
General control: this is an information broadcast
service. The information transferred in
unacknowledged, and it is broadcast to all mobiles
within a certain area.
Notification: This includes paging and notification
broadcast services.
The paging services broadcasts paging
information in a certain geographical area, but it
is addressed to a specific UE or UEs.
The notification broadcast service is defined to
provide information broadcast to all UEs in a cell
or cells.
Dedicated control: This service includes the
establishment and release of a connection and
transfer of messages using this connection.
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 RRC Functions
These functions (for itself) are supported by the
Initial cell selection and cell reselection
Broadcast of information
Reception of paging and notification messages
Establishment, maintenance, and release of RRC
connections
Establishment, reconfiguration, and release of radio
bearers
Assignment, reconfiguration, and release of radio
resources for the RRC connection
Handover
Measurement control
Power control
Security mode control
QoS control
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 Transport Channels in
UTRAN
Common Transport Channel Types
Random Access Channel (RACH)
ODMA (Opportunity Driven Multiple Access)
Random Access Channel (ORACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Uplink Shared Channel (USCH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Dedicated Transport Channel Types
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Fast Uplink Signaling Channel (FAUSCH)
ODMA Dedicated Channel (ODCH)

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 Logical Channels in
UTRAN
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH)
ODMA Dedicated Control Channel (ODCCH)
ODMA Common Control Channel (OCCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

ODMA Dedicated Traffic Channel (ODTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
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 Quality of Services
Classes
The UMTS allows the UEs to negotiate the QoS
parameters for a radio bearer (RB).
Negotiation
The procedure is always initiated by the
application in the UE.
It sends a request defining the resources it needs
The network checks whether it can provide the
requested resources.
It can either grant the requested resources, offer
a small amount of resources, or reject the
request.
The UE can either accept or reject the modified
offer.
It is also possible to renegotiate these
parameters if the application requirements
change or resource status change.
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 QoS Classes (2)
There are four types of QoS classes
Conversational real-time class such
as voice traffic
Interactive class (best-effort) such
as web browsing
Streaming real-time class such as
streaming video
Background class (best-effort) such
as emails.

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 Conversational Real-Time
Services

Bidirectional and more or less symmetric

Technically the most challenging class
Very short delay is acceptable
Traditional retransmission protocols (ARQ)
cannot be easily used. Instead, forward-
error-correction (FEC) must be used.
Small delay requirements means also that
buffers cannot be used in receiving end to
smooth the variations in delay (jitter).
Some errors are acceptable because people
cannot sense small errors in voice or video
information.

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 Interactive Services
A user requests data from a remote server, and the
response contains the requested data.
Web browsing, e-shopping, and database inquires.
Difference between conversational and interactive
services
The data traffic in the conversational class is
symmetric, whereas in the interactive class, the
traffic is highly asymmetric.
Timing requirements are not quite so strict with
interactive services (up to 4 seconds) as they are
for conversational services (a few hundred of ms).
Interactive services do not tolerate any more
transmission errors than conversational services.
With the relaxation of delay requirements, the goal
of less errors is easier to achieve with interactive
services.
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 Streaming Services
Typically includes video and audio applications.
Differences from interactive services:
The data transferring is almost totally one-way and
continuous: highly asymmetric.
There are some strict delay variation requirements
for the data, which are presented to the user,
whereas delay variation is not really a problem with
interactive services.
The requirements for maximum delay could be as
long as 10 seconds.
The only data traffic in the opposite direction
( usually in the uplink) consists of a few control
signals like starting and stopping.
The incoming data packets are buffered to smooth
delay variation.
This class is provided through packet-switched
networks.
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 Background Services
These services do not have precise delay requirements at
all (fax and SMS).
However, it may use timers to make sure that the data
transfer has not stalled altogether.
The data should be error free, but it is especially easy to
achieve in this case. Because there are no time
constraints.
Retransmission protocol will be used, but it must also be
efficient.
Delay variation is not considered with background
services. The data are presented to the user only after
the whole file has been received correctly.
The bandwidth requirement is not large in either
direction.

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 RRC Connection
Procedures
The UTRAN separates the concepts of a radio connection from
a radio bearer (RB).
A radio connection is created first, and then the network
can create one or more RBs independently of the radio
connection.
An RB can also exist without a dedicated radio connection.
In this case, the RB uses the common channels.
An RRC connection implies that a radio connection exists, but
this connection can use either dedicated or common
resources.
An RRC connection is a logical concept, and radio
connection is a physical concept.
The physical entity implements and enables the logical
concepts.
A dedicated connection allocates the resource exclusively
to one user, so common channels should be used whenever
possible.
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 RRC
Establishment/Release
RRC connection establishment
It is always initiated by the UE, even with a mobile-
terminated call (e.g.,paging).
The UE initiates this procedure, but the UTRAN controls
it. It may decide that no radio resources can be
allocated for the UE, and respond with an RRC
connection reject message.
Signaling connection establishment
The RRC connection establishment procedure is used by
the higher layer; that is, by the NAS.
All higher-layer signaling messages, including the initial
messages are relayed through the radio interface.
RRC connection release
The normal procedure is finished through a dedicated
channel (DCH). The PDU here are sent in
unacknowledged mode.
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 Radio Bearer
Procedures
Radio connection and an RB are two separate
concepts in UMTS.
Radio connection is a static concept. It is
established once, and survives until it is
released. There is only one radio connection
per terminal.
The RB defines what kind of properties this
radio connection has. There may be several
RBs on one radio connection, each having
different capabilities for data transfer. The
capabilities are based on the QoS parameters.
The RBs are dynamic and can be reconfigured.

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 Radio Bearer
Procedures (2)

It is possible to have an RB without

a dedicated radio connection
Circuit-switched bearers or bearers using
rt services need dedicated radio channels
to meet their strict delay requirements.
Packet-switched bearers or bearers using
nrt services, often do not need a
permanent association to a dedicated
radio resource.

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 Radio Bearer
establishment Radio

Bearer release
An RB establishment is always initiated by the
UTRAN. This because each RB uses some radio
resources, and only the network knows what kind of
resources it can grant to a UE.
At the RRC level, the signaling is simple: the UTRAN
sends a radio bearer setup message, and the UE
responds with a radio bearer setup complete.
Interlayer signaling can be quite different depending
on the requested QoS parameter and whether there
is already a suitable physical channel in place.
When an RB is released, the physical channel can be
modified or released together depending on
whether it can be reused after the RB release.

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 Control of Requested
QoS
The UTRAN air interface is very flexible, which
allows for the dynamic allocation of system
resources.
In the connected mode, the UE may be required
to perform traffic volume measurements in its
MAC layer. If the UE suspects that the present
configuration is not the optimal one, it sends a
measurement report to the network.
The network can trigger a channel-
reconfiguration procedure.
Increased data
Decreased data

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