Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
INDIAN
POWER
SECTOR
19912003
Liberalisation
Era
19561991
Nationalisatio
n Electricity Act (2003)
Stage
National Tariff Policy (2006)
Legislative and policy Elimination of licensing for
Before 1956 initiatives (1991) generation projects
Introductory Private sector
Industrial Policy Increased competition through
Stage participation in
Resolution (1956) international competitive bidding
generation engaged in power generation,
Generation and Fast-track clearing transmission and distribution
distribution of power
mechanism of private Launch of UMPP scheme Various
Electricity under state investment proposals schemes and initiatives such as
(Supply) Act ownership
Electricity Regulatory Jawaharlal Nehru National
1948 Power losses, Commissions Act Solar Mission to promote
Establishment subsidies, (1998) for renewable
of semi- infrastructure establishing Central energy
autonomous bottlenecks and and State Electricity Civil nuclear agreement with the US
State Electricity resource constraints Regulatory for nuclear technology and fuel Fuel
Boards (SEBs) Commissions and
supply agreement of power
rationalisation of
tariffs companies with Coal India Ltd (CIL)
Private equity investments in the
sector have surged since 2010
Source:; WWW..NPTI.IN
POWE
R
India as a power
With a production of 1,102.9 TWh, India is the third largest producer and fifth largest
consumer of electricity in the world
Producer and
Consumer globally The per capita electricity consumption in 2012-13 is -917.18 kWh.
The government targets capacity addition of 89 GW under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012
17) and around 100 GW under the 13th Five-Year Plan (201722)
Large-scale government
initiated expansion Investments of around USD223.9 billion are planned for the power sector during the 12th
Plan Five-Year Plan
plans
Renewable energy capacity additions of 30 GW are planned in the next five years to meet
the growing energy demand
Robust growth in
Renewable sector Wind energy is estimated to contribute 15 GW, followed by solar power at 10 GW
Source:; WWW..CEA..nic.inC
POWE
R
Thepower sectorin India is mainly governed by the Ministry of Power. There are three
major pillars
of power sector these are Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
Source:; WWW..CEA..nic.in
POWE
RGENERATIO
N
All India Installed Capacity (MW) as on 31-05-2014 Region -wise All India Installed Capacity(MW) as on 31-5-
2014(Sector-Wise)
300000
248509.64
250000
200000
171376.09
68255.9
86962.99
150000 CENTRAL
STATE
100000 PRIVATE
Source:; WWW..CEA..nic.in
POWE
R
Electricity production in India (excluding captive generation) Electricity production in India (TWh)
stood at 911.6 TWh in FY13, a 4 per cent growth over
the previous fiscal
912
876
Over FY0713, electricity production expanded at a CAGR CAGR: 5.5%
of 5.5 per cent
811
Source:; WWW..CEA..nic.in
POWE
R
THERMAL POWER
Thermal fuel maintains a leading position among the fuel used for power generation
India has large reserves of coal. As of April 2012, total coal reserves
Coal stood at 293.5 billion tonnes; of this, 118.1 billion tonnes were
68% proven reserves
Thermal
ower plants convert energy rich fuel into electricity and heat. Possible fuels include coal, natural gas, p
agricultural waste and domestic trash /waste. Thermal power accounts for 69 % in total energy product
ower is produced from coal oil and natural gas. Total installed capacity of thermal power is 171376.09 M
Diesel; 1199.75; 1%
Gas; 22607.95; 13% HYDRO; 40661.41; 16% RES; 31692.14; 13%
Coal beneficiation
Logistic route Rail/ Road, pipelines, port etc (for fuel, water, ash etc)
Water source
Price of Fuel
Environmental clearance.
POWE
R
HYDRO POWER
is a renewable, non-polluting and environment friendly source of energy. Oldest energy technique known to
conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. Contributes around 22% of the world electricity supply
mshed ji Tata built the first hydroelectric power dam in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra in the early 1
wer to Bombays Cotton and Textile Mills
total power generation installed capacity in India of 2,48,509.64MW (June, 2014), hydro power contribu
0661.41 MW. The total hydroelectric power potential in the country is assessed at about 150,000 MW, e
W at 60% load factor. The potential of small hydro power projects is estimated at about 15,000 MW.
essment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tu
MW of installed capacity. The basin wise assessed potential is as
Basin/Rivers Probable Installed Capacity (MW)
Indus Basin 33,832
Ganga Basin 20,711
Central Indian River system 4,152
10
POWE
R
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Geological surprises
Land acquisition
Rehabilitation & Resettlement
Forest clearance
Environment clearance
Agitations
Poor road infrastructure
Lack of access to data e.g. hydrological data
Renewable, but yet not counted as renewable
No RPO/REC
No Feed-in Tariff
No excise/customs duty benefit (except for mega projects)
No accelerated depreciation
Peaking power does not figure in long term power purchase plans of utilities. Nor do regulators insist on it and why
should they, when they can over-draw at will?
No utility ties up power years in advance. Long gestation projects such as hydro suffer
Consequently, hydro has to compete with thermal in power procurement. May suffer if tariff, particularly first year
tariff, is higher than thermal
Invariably, fuel costs rise faster than the indices for comparison
Excise/customs duty exemption only for equipment, but not for civil part
75% of hydro project costs are for civil, whereas only 10- 15%% project costs of thermal projects are for civil
Construction period 4 years for thermal, but 6 to 8 years for hydro. ROE not allowed during construction: Low IRR
Many projects have to pay upfront charges to States, which carry no return
Project preparation longer and more expensive than in thermal (DPR, Land acquisition, R & R etc)
POWE
R
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES(CONTD)
Approach road construction also a heavy initial burden
Tariffs do not reflect peaking benefits
A large part of tariff of a thermal plant is fuel, whereas most of the tariff of a hydro plant is accounted for by capital cost
Longer gestation period adds to the IDC burden
Hydro projects are therefore more sensitive to terms of finance
Lack of long-term finance makes tariff front-loaded, comparing unfavorably with initial tariffs of thermal plants
Allotment of projects done haphazardly
After getting upfront payment no real support from state Govt.
Project developers are expected to provide many basic amenities such as schools as CSR
Next benefit to state accrues only after commercial operation starts and free power is received
POWE
R
NUCLEAR POWER
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of
electricity. As of 2012, India has 20 Nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, having an installed capacity
of 4780 MW and producing a total of 29,664.75 GWh of electricity while seven other reactors are under construction
and are expected to generate an additional 6,100 MW.
India's first research nuclear reactor and its first nuclear power plant were built with assistance from Canada. The 40 MW
research reactor agreement was signed in 1956, and achieved first criticality in 1960
1. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation of India based in
Mumbai. NPCIL was created in September 1987.Nuclear Power and electricity generation and distribution
2. The Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited(BHAVINI) is a government-owned corporation of India based
in Chennai. Bhavini was established on 2004.Nuclear Power and electricity generation and distribution
. India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity
on line by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.
. Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it was for 34 years largely
excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009.
. Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to
exploit its reserves of thorium.
Source:www.world-nuclear.org/
POWE
R
INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY
Source:www.world-nuclear.org/
POWE
R
INDIAS OPERATING NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
Reactor State Type MWe net, each
Commercial
Safeguards status*
operation
Tarapur 1&2 Maharashtra BWR 150 1969 Item-specific, Oct 2009
Kudankulam 1 Tamil Nadu PWR 917 (July 2014) Item-specific, Oct 2009
Source:www.world-nuclear.org/
POWE
R
INDIAS NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
MWe gross,
Construction Commercial Safeguards
Reactor Type net, Project control
start operation due status
each
item-specific, Oct
Kudankulam 2 PWR (VVER) 1000, 917 NPCIL July 2002 3/2014
2009
(9/2014 start-up)
Kalpakkam PFBR FBR 500, 470 Bhavini Oct 2004
2015
-
Source:www.world-nuclear.org/
POWE
R
INDIAS URANIUM MINES AND MILLS existing and planned
District Mine Mill Operating from tU per year
1967 (mine)
Jharkhand Jaduguda Jaduguda
1968 (mill)
200 total from mill
Kylleng-Pyndeng-Sohiong-
Meghalaya Mawthabah (KPM), Mawthabah 2017 (open pit) 340
(Domiasiat), Wakhyn
Source:www.world-nuclear.org/
POWE
R
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Economics
Poor management
Safety concerns
Since 2005 the energy and climate change agenda has taken center stage in the domestic and international policy arena.
India is well placed to build on this momentum. It has tripled its renewable energy generation capacity in the past five years
now ranking fifth in the world in total installed renewable energy capacity, and it has established a legal and regulatory
framework for sector oversight
Wind 20,298.83
Solar 2,208.36
3,774.15; 13%
Biomass Power &
1,285.60
Gasification 20,298.83; 67%
MW
60000
50000
50000 45000
40000
30000
The limited availability of evacuation infrastructure and grid interconnections is one of the biggest obstacles to harnessing
renewable energy potential. Much economically attractive wind and small hydropower potential remains untapped because
of lack of adequate grid evacuation capacity and approach roads. The lack of good-quality data on renewable resources
also remains a problem, despite heavy investment by the MNRE in collecting data on renewable energy. The lack of
support infrastructure in the form of a strong indigenous supply chain remains a major barrier.
Existing mechanismsincluding single-window clearances, facilitation by state nodal agencies, and simplified regulation
for smaller renewable energy projectshave proved to be of limited effectiveness. In some cases multiple bottlenecks have
been replaced by single, larger, and more powerful roadblocks, and significant delays remain the norm. In addition,
speculative blocking of land has become common, leading to unsustainable price increases.
PGCIL is the premier organization which handles the transmission system of India.
POWE
R
CURRENT TRANSMISSION MARKET STRUCTURE
Ministry of Power (MoP)
(Perspective planning, policy formulation, processing of projects for investment
decision, monitoring of the implementation of power projects, training and
manpower development and the administration and enactment of legislation in
regard to power generation, transmission and distribution)
National
Interconnectin Grid
Regional Grids g Regional
with ATS of Grids with
Central HVDC
Generation 1990s 2000 onwards
State
Grids by
1970-80s
SEBs
Source:; www.powergridindia.com
POWE
R
REGIONAL AND NATIONAL GRID
Transmission forms a critical link in the power sector value chain. India's power
generation capacities are unevenly dispersed across the country creating
an imbalance between the distribution of power demand and supply centres.
Northern (NR)
Eastern (ER)
Western (WR)
Southern (SR)
North Eastern (NER)
All the regional grids are synchronously interconnected and operating as single
grid known as Central Grid or National Grid.
POWE
R
TRANSMISSION LINE NETWORK STRENGTH
In six years from 2007 to 2013, the power transmission sector registered a growth of 4.37% CAGR.
Source:; www.powergridindia.com
POWE
R
TRANSMISSION NETWORK -PRESENT
Transmission network
spread geographically over 3.3million sq
km : Inter-State and Intra-State level
Transmission line : 2,91,336 ckm
(POWERGRID : 1,08,307 ckm)
765kV : 11,096 ckm
400kV : 1,25,957 ckm
220kV : 1,44,851 ckm
HVDC Bipole (500kV) : 9,432 ckms
Source:; www.powergridindia.com
POWE
R
TECHNOLOGY BEING ADOPTED
High Voltage line
Increase the capacity of trans. corridor through HSIL/re-conductoring with HTLS /Upgradation
Utilization of existing transmission lines upto full thermal capacity Series capacitors, SVC, FACTS
GIS substation
POWE
R
PURSUING HIGHER VOLTAGE LEVELS BY PGCIL
Worlds longest
Worlds Highest
Voltage level Test station
Charged in Oct.12
multi-terminal
HVDC to harness renewable
Hydro Power from North-east 765kV
Voltage D/C - AC
(kV) 1200kV
800kV
765kV HVDC
500kV
HVDC
400k
220kV V
Sector to grow from 228 GW to 600 GW in next 20 years Even 765kV system may not be good enough.
New methods have to be found out
Challenges to develop Transmission system to meet the requirement of power flow from anywhere to
anywhere.
With increasing magnitude of power transmission, create new challenges of proper O&M
POWE
R
DISTRIBUTI
ON
Distribution and Retail Supply is the most critical link in the electricity market, which interfaces with the end customers and
provides revenue for the entire value chain.
Indian electricity distribution caters to nearly 200 million consumers with a connected load of about 400 GW that places the
country among the largest electricity consumer bases in the world
.
The consumers are served by around 73 distribution utilities
13 electricity departments,
17 private distribution companies,
41 corporatized distribution companies
2 State Electricity Boards
Rural distribution segment in India is characterized by wide dispersal of net work in large areas with long lines, high
cost of supply, low paying capacity of the people, large number of subsidized customers, un-metered flat rate supply to
farmers, non metering due to high cost and practical difficulties, low load and low rate of load growth. Consumer mix in
rural areas is mainly agriculture and residential.
Urban distribution is characterized by high consumer density, and higher rate of growth of load. The consumer mix in
urban areas is mostly commercial, residential, and industrial.
Industrial Industrial LT
HT 0.05% 2%
Agricultura
l 10%
Com m e
rcial
11%
Domestic 77%
Uncertain commitment of State Governments is key impediment to the ongoing reform process. This includes delay in unbundling and
restructuring of State Electricity Boards, minimal/no financial support to unbundled utilities during transition period, inadequate
financial support for providing subsidized power to domestic and agricultural consumers, inadequate administrative support in
curbing theft of power etc. Frequently changing policies of the State Governments in regard to subsidies/free power to farmers
adversely affecting the revenue recovery and cost coverage of utilities.
SERCs are inadequately staffed with poor infrastructure. Due to lack of competency and resources in Discoms, tariff filings are often
delayed. In several cases, SERC asks Discoms to revise their filings on account of data gaps or improper information. There is no
central repository of data in electronic form which leads to delay in filing petitions and responding to queries from the regulator.
In many cases, unbundling is limited to operational and technical segregation. Successor companies are highly dependent on their
parent company (i.e. residual SEB or single buyer/trade co or Transco). and therefore, the focus on efficiency improvement from
respective entities is lacking. Due to in- adequate network expansion commensurate with load growth, many power transformers,
distribution transformers, 33kV lines and 11kV feeders are overloaded. Most of the distribution networks in India are quite old which
results in to reduced reliability, increased R&M expenses and poor quality of supply. The consumer awareness about Demand Side
Management (DSM) is limited which results in to higher consumption and increased losses.
POWE
R
ISSUES IN THE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SECTOR IN INDIA
4.Commercial issues
Commercial losses are primarily due to improper energy accounting and billing processes, faulty metering, under-billing, theft and
pilferage of energy and lack of accountability within the organization. Only 87% of the total consumers in India are metered
(Source: Mop, 2004-05). Many states have undertaken 100% metering programs, but not yet completed. The chart below indicates
consumer metering level in some of the states.
High AT&C losses are due to high T&D losses coupled with low collection efficiency.
Low level of collection is attributable to lack of employees accountability, inadequate collection facilities, limited usage of advanced
systems and technology (e.g. payment through ECS, credit/debit cards, special centres like e-Seva centres), billing errors, political/
administrative interference etc.
5. Operational issues
Due to inadequate metering and data collection system in place, utilities have not been able to conduct energy audit, which is crucial
for any energy business. Discoms do not have proper load monitoring and control mechanisms (e.g. SCADA, Distribution Control
Centre, telecommunications etc.), which results in to haphazard control of the demand and often leads to loss of revenue and
inconvenience to the consumers
POWE
R
DISTRIBUTION SECTOR REFORMS
Power sector reforms were first initiated in India in 1992 by the Ministry of Power (MoP) to invite private investments in power
generation to bridge the demand-supply gap
In the reform process distribution segment was identified as the key area for reform for putting the sector on the right track.
Distribution Reforms involve System up-gradation, Loss reduction, Theft control, Consumer orientation, Commercialization and
adoption of IT. The Government launched the Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) during the
10th Five Year Plan (2002-07) for the strengthening of Sub Transmission and Distribution network and reduction in AT&C
Continuing its support for power distribution reforms, the Government launched the Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP) in the 11th
Five Year Plan (2007-12) with revised terms and conditions. Under the Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms
Programmed (R-APDRP), State energy utilities are required to adopt measures for
R-APDRP
It was in this backdrop that the Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP) was conceived in September 2008.With a total program size of
Rs 500bn, Restructured APDRP-II (R-APRDP) is Government of India s initiative to reform Distribution Sector as part of the 11th Five
Year plan. The program is proposed to cover urban areas towns and cities with population of more than 30,000 (10,000 in case of
special category states). The power reform initiative is spread over two phases of:
Achievements :
15% T&D loss reduction in 9 months (Losses brought down to 30% from 45%).
Improvement in Metering, Billing and Revenue Collection Defective Energy meters (25300 Nos.) replaced.
Approx. capital investment : USD 20 million Enhancement in customer service quality
DT failure reduced by replacement and revamping of DTs
PTC was formed in 1999 as a Government of India initiative for development of power market and
incentivizing market based investments to the Power Sector, specially from the private sector:
Develop power market for market based investments into the Indian Power Sector
Pioneer Role : Initiated development of short term power market and introduced innovative products for
customers
Efforts lead to beginning of sustained trading during 2000-01 (1.6 Billion units ) and also optimum utilization
of existing resources
Source :47
www.ptcindia.com
POWE
R
EVOLUTION OF THE TRADING REGULATIONS
2013
Procedure, Terms
and Conditions
for grant of
trading license
and other related
matters) (Second
Amendment)
Source : www.ptcindia.com
POWE
R
INDIA POWER MARKET DESIGN
Source : www.ptcindia.com
POWE
R
VOLUME OF ELECTRICITY TRANSACTED THROUGH TRADING
LICENSES AND POWER EXCHANGES
Benefits of Trading (1)
POWE
R
BENEFITS OF TRADING
Increasing realization among utilities of power as a source for revenue earning
Improved PLF, particularly of State Power Utilities
No backing down
Encouraged IPPs to invest in generating assets- spurt in investment based on competitive tariff due to widening
Market-based returns
No sovereign/government guarantee
States Governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Uttaranchal, etc. have
Planned rapid capacity additions have devised policies to become Power Hubs
51
POWE
R
CHALLENGES IN POWER TRADING
Market depth to be increased more players, regional participation
Industry
SEZs
HT consumers
Group Captives
Merchant generators
Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC) is an NBFC engaged in financing and development activities
within the Indian power sector
Major products and services include project term loans, lease financing, direct discounting of bills, short-
term loans and consultancy services
Adani Power is one of Indias largest private thermal power producers, with total capacity of 4,620 MW;
the company aims to generate 20,000 MW of power by 2020
The company is building one of the worlds largest single-location thermal power plants in Mundra, Gujarat
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) is the single largest transmission utility in India; it
is responsible for planning, co-ordination, supervision and control over inter-state transmission systems
Damodar Valley Corporation is engaged in power generation, distribution and transmission of electric
power, irrigation and flood control
NTPC is Indias largest power producer and the sixth-largest thermal power producer in the world,
with installed capacity of 41,184 MW (including 5,364 MW through JVs). By 2032, NTPC plans to reach
128,000
MW power capacity. Coal-based power accounts for more than 90 per cent of the total capacity
It has also diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power equipment manufacturing, oil and gas
exploration, power trading and distribution
Tata Power is Indias largest integrated power company, with significant presence in solar, hydro, wind and
geothermal energy space. The company accounts for 52 per cent of total generation capacity in the private
sector, with an installed capacity of 8,521 MW
The company has over 35,000 MW of power generation capacity, both operational and under
development.
Reliance Power has an operational power generation capacity of 2,500 MW. FY13 saw the development
of the 3,960 MW Sasan UMPP in Madhya Pradesh
CESC Limited is a vertically integrated player engaged in coal mining, and generation and distribution
of power
NHPC is the largest hydro power utility in India, with an installed capacity of 5,295MW; it has drawn up
a massive capacity expansion plan of adding 6,697 MW by 2017
NHPC is constructing nine projects aggregating to a total installed capacity of 4271 MW. NHPC added 1,970
MW and 1,150 MW during the 10th and 11th Plan periods, respectively