STABILIZATION OF BLACK

COTTON SOIL USING NATURAL

FIBRES

Under guidance of
Mr. Niraj Singh Parihar

Submitted by:
Shaheen Negi(131668)
Alpa(131692)
Shiv Kumar Verma(131706)
 INTRODUCTION

High percentage of clay, which is

predominantly montmorillonite in structure .
Black or blackish grey in colour.
Inorganic clays of medium to high
compressibility and form a major soil group
in India
Characterized by high shrinkage and
swelling properties.
 The roads laid on BCS bases develop
undulations at the road surface.
Low shear strength .
Settlement of structures increases
with time.
Very hard when dry, but loses its
strength completely when in wet
condition.
Problematic soil posing severe
engineering challenges
 Formation of cracks
Treatment of soil required in proper
way
 OBJECTIVES:
Find the optimum aspect ratio of jute,
coconut coir, bagasse to obtain maximum
unconfined compressive strength of fiber
mixed soil.
Study the effect of jute, coconut coir,
bagasse fiber on the unconfined
compressive strength and California
bearing ratio of soil.
Compare all the three fibers on the basis of
strength gain of reinforced soil.
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2016 Experimental The strength of soil-coir mix
T.Subramani study of increases with increasing the
, stabilisation of percentage of coir Fibre, CBR
D.Udayaku clay soil using and UCS values of soil-coir Fibre
ma coir fibre mix increases with increasing
percentage of Fibre.
2015 M. K. Potential of jute Jute as a better replacement of
Guptaa, R. fibre reinforced synthetic fibres as it is eco
K. polymer friendly, polymers may be
Srivastava composite thermoplasts or
thermosets,chemical treatment
required
2015 Priyanka Improvement in Black cotton soil blending with
Goyal, properties of coir fibre ,swelling behaviour is
Ashutosh black cotton soil decreased and unconfined
Shanker with an addition compressive strength Increases
Trivedi, of natural fibre
Manoj (coir) derived
Sharma form coconut
 :
2015 Kiran R.G., Analysis of There was increased
Kiran L. strength strength values and the
characterstics CBR and UCS values also
of black cotton increased.
soil using
bagasse and
additives as a
stabiliser
2014 Harshita Effect of jute The addition of jute fibres to
Bairagi, R.K. fibres on Black cotton soil decreases
Yadav, R Jain engineering its swelling
characterstics of behaviour,increases the
black cotton soil C.B.R. and unconfined
compressive strength
properties
2014 Barnali Improvement of Jute reducing their
Ghosh 1, Dr V Soil compressibility and
Ramesh2, Characteristics increasing their strength ,
Rajarajeswari Using Jute Geo- future of Jute geo-textile is
B Vibhuti 3 Textile very dynamic and it is be
driven by various factors
such as cost, performance
and availability of resources
2014 Studies on Prakash Reduction in plasticity
soil Chavan and index of bagasse ash
stabilisation Dr. M.S. treated soil , density
by using Nagakumar increases , OMC
bagasse ash increases. Increase in
CBR and UCS

2013 Application of Kundan Need for improving

Coir Geotextile Meshram , S.K. engineering characterstics
in rural roads Mittal , P.K. Jain of BC soil for road
construction on , P.K. Aggarwal construction , reduces
BC Soil intensity of stress on
subgrade subgrade, ecofriendly
solution
 MATERIALS USED:
JUTE FIBRES
Known as the golden fibre .
It is long ,soft and shiny with a length of 1-4
and diameter of from 17-20 microns .
Composed of primarily of the plant material
cellulose and lignin .
Extracted from the bark of white jute plant :
corchorus capsularis and to lesser extent
from tossa jute : colitorius.
Extraction of jute is done by Biological
Retting and Chemical Retting Process.
 Properties
Jute is a versatile fibre and has the ability
to be used either independently or
blended
with a range of other fibres and materials.
Good insulating and antistatic properties .
In combination with sugar ,it can be used
to build aeroplane panels.
Jute is an environmental ,cost effective
material for various soil application .
 COCONUT FIBRES
They have the highest toughness amongst
Natural fibres .
Coconut fibres or coir is a product which is
extracted from the outer shell of the coconut
Life span is 2-5 years .
Two types of coconut fibres :
White coir
Brown coir
 Uses:
White coir spun into yarn is used in the
manufacture of rope and fishing net .
Brown coir is used in sacking ,doormats ,
brushes rugs etc.
Geo-textiles made from coir mesh are
durable,absorb water ,resist sunlight ,
biodegradable .
Coir peat a residual milling is gaining
economic importance as mulch ,soil
treatment and hydroponic growth
medium .
 BAGASSE
Also known as megass .
It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction
of juice from sugarcane .
Uses:
It is often used as a primary fuel source for
sugar mills.
Secondary use for this waste product is
cogeneration .
It is commonly used as a substitute for wood
for the production of pulp , paper and board .
Can be made into many biodegradable plastic .
 PROCUREMENT OF
FIBRES

COIR
FIBRE
Type Coir Fibre
Length(inches) 6-8
Density (g/cc) 1.40
Tenacity(g/Tex) 10
Breaking Elongation % 30%
Diameter (mm) 0.1-1.5
Rigidity of modulus (%) 1.8924
Swelling in water (diameter) 5%
Moisture at 65% RH 10.50%
 JUTE FIBRE

Type Jute
Density 1.3 g/cm3
Tensile Strength 230 MPa
Elongation 1.7 %
Youngs modulus 26.5 GPa
 BAGASSE FIBRE

Type Bagasse
Flexural Rigidity 0.015 g cm2
Torsional rigidity 190 dyne cm2
Fineness 27.8 tex
Tensile Strength 112.16 MPa
Breaking elongation 2.89 %
After treatment (with NaOH)

Jute fibre
Coir fibre

Bagasse fibre
 PROJECT PROGRESS:
1) NATURAL WATER CONTENT
= 28.39%

Sample W1(g) W2(g) W3(g) W%

1 20.9 39.9 35.5 30.13
2 18.6 36.6 32.7 27.659
3 19.3 39.3 35 27.388
Values of natural water
content
2 ) SPECIFIC GRAVITY
= 2.69

Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 Specific Gravity

(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 30 38 84.2 79.4 2.64

2 28.6 36.5 84.5 79.7 2.75

Values of different samples of

Specific gravity
3) SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve (mm) Retained Cumulative Cumulative %Finer
wt(g) Retained (g) retained% (100-
cumulative
%)
4.75 0 0 0 0
2.36 34.32 34.72 5.72 94.28
1.18 10.32 44.64 7.44 92.56
0.6 83.76 128.4 21.4 78.6
0.425 25.68 154.08 25.68 74.32
0.3 24.08 178.56 29.76 70.24
0.15 22.08 200.64 33.44 66.56
0.075 21.06 222 37 63
Different values for % finer and sieve size for dry sieve
Percentage of soil retained on 75 sieve
= 37%
Percentage of soil passing through 75
sieve = 63%
Sieve size (mm) % Finer
0.065 60.8
0.0574 54.67
0.0423 44.26
0.0313 31.69
0.0118 24.97
0.0089 22.64
0.0063 18.61
0.0053 15.28
0.00221 8.69
Hydrometer analysis for %finer sieve size
 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
100 100
92.5694.28
90

80 78.6
74.32
70 70.24
66.56
63
60.8
60
% Finer 50
54.67

44.26
40

30 31.69
24.97
22.64
20 18.61
15.28
10 8.69
0
0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve size(mm)

Particle size distribution graph for BCS

 Mechanical
Hydrometer Stirrer
Apparatus
4 ) LIQUID
LIMIT
= 49.6 %

Cassagrande
apparatus
Moisture 41.5 48.38 50.1 39.8
content
(% )
No. of 44 24 19 50
blows

Different values of water content at

different blows
 Liquid limit
60

50

40

Water Content (%) 30

20

10

0
1 25 625

Number of blows(N)

Liquid Limit on
plain soil
5 ) PLASTIC LIMIT = 24.68 %

Sample of plastic limit test

Sample No. 1 2 3
Container No. 11 5 42
Wt. of container+lid,W1(g) 29.3 28.1 27.5
Wt. of container + lid + wet sample , W2 (g) 31 51.8 30.6

Wt. of container + lid +dry sample , W3 (g) 30.66 47.180 29.606

Wt. of dry sample(g) 1.36 19.08 2.106

=W3-W1
Wt. of water in the soil (g) =W3-W2 0.34 4.62 0.994

Water content(%) =(W3-W2)/(W3-W1)*100 24.8 24.21 25.03

Different values of plastic limit

obtained
 6 ) SHRINKAGE LIMIT = 8.73 %

Shrinkage dish Mercury used for

containing soil pat measuring
volume of dry soil
pat
 Shrinkage dish 1 2 3
Initial water content of wet 48.1 48.99 46.8
soil pat W1(g)

Mass of oven dry soil pat in 26.66 24.9 25.4

gm Ws (g)

Volume of wet soil pat in cc 23.84 22.25 22.25

(V1)

Volume of dry soil in cc (V2) 13.18 12.51 12.44

Shrinkage limit WSL (%) 8.1 9.89 8.2

Different values of shrinkage limit of

soil
NAMING OF SOIL
The classification of soil is done as per Indian Standard Soil Classification
System (ISSCS). Our soil (corresponding to point A) is CI which corresponds
to inorganic clayey soil.
7) PERMEABILITY

Permeability
by
variable head
method
 Coefficient of permeability (kt )= 2.303(aL/At) log10 (h1 / h2 )

a = 1.13 cm
A = 78.5 cm
L = 12.78 cm
h1= 100 cm
h2 = 08 cm
t = 350280 sec

Coefficient of permeability (kt ) = 0.044 cm/sec

 8) OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT
= 21.2 %.

OMC
1.55

1.5

1.45

Dry density (g/cc) 1.4

Plain BCS

1.35

1.3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Water Content (w)

Determination of Optimum
moisture content
9) DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM
ASPECT RATIO

9.1) JUTE FIBRE Jute

250

200

150
l/d 12.5
Stress (kN/m2) l/d 15
100 l/d 16.5

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain (e)
Variation of UCS with change in L/D
ratio in jute fibre
UCS for jute
220

215

210

205

200

Unconfined Comprsssive Strength(kN/m2) UCS for jute

195

190

185

180

175
12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17

l/d
9.2) COIR FIBRE
180

160

140

120

100

Stress (kN/m2) l/d 60

80
l/d 80
l/d 100
60

40

20

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Strain (e)
Variation of UCS with change in L/D
ratio of coir fibre

UCS for Coir

180
160
140
120
Unconfined Compressive Strength(kN/m2)
100
80 UCS for Coir

60
40
20
0
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105

l/d
9.3) Bagasse fibre

250

200

150

Stress(kN/m2) l/d 85
l/d 90
100
l/d 95

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain (e)
Variation in UCS with change in L/D
ratio of bagasse fibre
UCS for bagasse
240

235

Unconfined Compressive Strength(kN/m2)

230

UCS for bagasse

225

220

215
84 86 88 90 92 94 96

l/d
10) UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
10.1) UCS OF BCS

Plain BCS

120

100

80

60
Stress(kN/m2)
Plain soil
40

20

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain(e)
10.2) UCS OF SOIL REINFORCED WITH
JUTE
Jute
250

200

150

Stress(kN/m2)
100

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain (e)
10.3) UCS OF SOIL REINFORECED WITH
COIR
Coir
180

160

140

120

100
Stress (kN/m2)
80

60

40

20

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Strain (e)
10.4) UCS OF SOIL REINFORCED WITH
BAGASSE
Bagasse
250

200

150

Stress(kN/m2)
100

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain(e)
 Variation of UCS of soil sample
reinforcement with different fibres
250

200

150
Stress (kN/m2)
Plain BCS
Jute at l/d 15
100
Coir at l/d 80
Bagasse at l/d 90

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Strain (e)
Properti Plain Inclusio Inclusio Inclusio
es Black n of Jute n of Coir n of
soil fibre fibre Bagasse
fibre
UNCONFINE 114 220 160 236
D
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
(kN/m2)
11) UNSOAKED CALIFORNIA BEARING
RATIO
11.1) CBR OF PLAIN SOIL

Plain BCS
600

500

400

300 Plain black soil

Load(kg)

200

100

0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Penetration (mm)
11.2) CBR OF SOIL REINFORCED WITH
JUTE
700

600

500

400

Load(kg)
300 l/d 15

200

100

0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Penetration (mm)
11.3) CBR OF SOIL REINFORCED WITH
COIR
700

600

500

400

Load (kg)
300 l/d 80

200

100

0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Penetration (mm)
10.4)CBR OF SOIL REINFORCED WITH
BAGASSE
700

600

500

400

Load (kg)
300 l/d 90

200

100

0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Penetration (mm)
 Variation of CBR of soil sample
reinforced with different fibres
700

600

500

400
Plain Soil
Load (kg)
300 Jute l/d 15
Coconut l.d 80
Bagasse l/d 90
200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Penetration (mm)
Californi Plain Inclusio Inclusio Inclusio
a Black n of n of n of
Bearing soil jute coir bagass
Ratio fibre fibre e fibre
At 2.5 29.189 31.401% 31.000% 32.824%
mm %
penetrati
on

At 5 mm 24.650 26.791% 26.282% 27.732%

penetrati %
on
 RESULT AND
DISCUSSION:
The water content came out to be 28.39%
The percentage of soil passing through 75 sieve
is 63%
The specific gravity came out to be 2.69.
The shrinkage limit come out to be 8.73%.
The liquid limit came out to be 49.6%
The plastic limit was 24.68%
The coefficient of permeability was 0.044 cm/sec
Optimum moisture content was 21.2% and
maximum dry density is 1.5g/cc
 COMPARISON OF
Inclusi Inclusi Inclusi
RESULTS
Propert Plain
y Black on of on of on of
soil Jute Coir Bagass
fibre fibre e fibre
UNCONFINE 114 220 160 236
D
COMPRESSI
VE
STRENGTH
(kN/m2)

Inclusion of natural Fibres % Increase in UCS

Jute fibre 92.9
Coir fibre 40.35
Bagasse fibre 97

Percentage increase in UCS with reinforcement of Natural Fibres in plain BCS

Properties Plain Black Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced
soil with jute with Coir with
fibre fibre Bagasse
fibre
CBR (%) 29.189 31.401 31 32.824

Comparison of CBR value between black soil

and reinforced BCS

Inclusion of natural Fibres % Increase in CBR

Jute fibre 7.578
Coir fibre 6.204
Bagasse fibre 12.453

% increase in CBR with inclusion of natural

fibres in plain BCS
 CONCLUSION
Improvement in strength properties of black cotton soil .
The increase in strength was observed with the increase in aspect
ratio of different fibre up to l/d 15 in jute , l/d 80 in coir , l/d 90 in
bagasse and beyond that the strength decreased.
The increase in CBR was also observed with the inclusion of different
fibre.
The maximum strength was developed by inclusion of bagasse fibre
into black cotton soil whereas the minimum strength was observed
from inclusion of coir fibre. Jute fibre gives the intermediate increase
in strength.
As the bagasse fibre is not easily available and coir fibre gives the
minimum of strength among these fibres, the inclusion of jute fiber is
recommended as it provides economic soil modification as well as
only marginal decrease in strength as compared to bagasse fibre.
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