Common Terms

Immunization:
Process of inducing immunity by
stimulating immune system through
antigens.
Immunity :
Resistance of a host to a specific agent,
characterized by measurable and
protective surface or humoral antibody
and by cell mediated immune responses.
Vaccine:
A preparation of a weakened or killed
pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a
portion of the pathogen's structure that upon
administration stimulates antibody production
or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is
incapable of causing severe infection.
Vaccination:
Administration of antigenic material (the
vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease.
#smallpox
Immunity
Types of Immunity
Natural Acquired Immunity from primary immune response
Passive In pregnancy (via placenta or breast milk).
Active After an infection.
Artificial Acquired Immunity.
Passive Inj of antibodies, such as gammaglobulins.
Active Induced by a vaccine.
Passive Immunity Immediate effect realised, short lived.
Active Immunity Takes long to take effect, Is long lasting
or life long.

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Types of Vaccines
Types of Vaccines.
Live attenuated
Measles, Mumps, Rubella.
O P V.
Chickenpox (Varicella).
Killed Vaccine IPV(Inactivated polio virus).
Toxoid ( Contains toxins from the organism but has been
made harmless)---Diphtheria , Tetanus.
Component vaccines contain parts of the whole organism.
HiB (Haemophilus influenza type 3), HepB (Hepatitis B).

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KEPIUVIS(Unit of vaccines and
Immunizations services)
BCG Intradermal left fore arm.
OPV Birth, 6/52, 10/52,14/52,-- 2drops
Rota virus 6/52, 10/52 PO
Pentavalent - 6/52,10/52,14/52 IM, Left outer thigh
Measles - 9/12 SC outer right upper arm.
Yellow Fever 9/12 IM left upper deltoid region
Pneumococcal 6/52,10/52,14-PCV-13 , IM Right outer
thigh
NB: KEPI was started in 1977. It aims at vaccine coverage of
80%. Pentavalent started in 2001, Pneumococcal in 2011,
and Rota in July 2014.

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NATIONAL IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE
AGE VACCINE ROUTE
Birth BCG Intradermal
Polio(birth) Oral
6wks OPV 1 Oral
Pentavalent 1 IM(Left thigh)
Pneumococcal 1 IM(Right thigh)
Rota virus 1 Oral
10wks OPV 2 Oral
Pentavalent 2 IM
Pneumococcal 2 IM
Rota virus 2 Oral
14 wks OPV 3 Oral
Pentavalent 3 IM
Pneumococcal 3 IM
9 Months Measles SC(Right arm)
Yellow Fever IM(Left arm)
18 months Measles 2 SC (Right arm) 19
Cold Chain
A system of transporting and storing
vaccines at recommended temperature
from the point of manufacture to the point
of use.
 The COLD CHAIN is the combination of
people and equipment with the task of
ensuring that the vaccines are kept in an
ideal environment and temperature to
preserve their quality during their
transportation from the site of their
production to the site of their and storage,
or application.
Elements of Cold Chain
PERSONNEL to organize and manage vaccine
distribution.
EQUIPMENT for storage and transport of
vaccine.
TRANSPORT facilities
MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT
MONITORING
Maintenance of
Equipment
Defrosting/Cleaning:
Periodic defrosting & cleaning
Cold boxes/Vaccine Carriers:
Replace or repair locally
Ice Packs:
Fill clean water
Leave 10mm room for expansion
Cap tightly
Keep pack clean & dry
 VACCINES SENSITIVITY
Vaccine Exposurre to Exposure to Cold Temperature
Heat/ light at PHC

HEAT AND LIGHT SENSITIVE VACCINES

BCG Relatively heat Not damaged by +2 C to +8 C

stable, but sensitive freezing
to light
OPV Sensitive to heat and Not damaged by +2 C to +8 C
light freezing

Measles Sensitive to heat and Not damaged by +2 C to +8 C

light freezing

At PHC level, all vaccines are kept in ILR in which

temperature is maintained at +2 C to + 8 C
 FREEZE SENSITIVE VACCINES

DPT Relatively heat Freezes at -3 C +2 C to +8 C

stable should not be
frozen

Hepatitis B Relatively heat Freezes at -5 C +2 C to +8 C

stable should not be
frozen

DT Relatively heat Freezes at -3 C +2 C to +8 C

stable should not be
frozen

TT Relatively heat Freezes at -3 C +2 C to +8 C

stable should not be
frozen
 Minor Reactions Due to Vaccines
( normal no need to report )
Mild vaccine reaction Treatment When to report

Local reaction Cold cloth at injection site. In case of an

(pain, swelling, Give Paracetamol abscess
redness)

Fever > 38.5 C Give extra fluids When

Wear cool clothing accompanied by
Give tepid sponging other symptoms
Give parecetamol

Irritability, malaise Give extra fluids When severe or

and systemic Give Parecetamol unusual
symptoms