SOCIOLOGIJA

Prof.dr. Josip Kregar

Vilfredo Pareto

Predavanja 2004/5
Prof.dr.sc. Josip Kregar
Vilfredo Pareto
Vilfredo Pareto roen je u
Parizu 1848 u
aristokratskoj obitelji.
Njegov otac bio je talijanski
marchese (marquis) koji je
pobjegao u nacionalistiku
emigraciju 1835 .
Je li zagovornik faizma?
Ideolog faizma?
student mu je bio B.
Mussolini
na njega su se pozivali
faisti
bio je predstavnik faistike
vlade u Ligi naroda
tvrdio je da je demokracija
la
smatrao je da je nejednakost
ljudi neizbjena
Ideolog faizma? Ne!
Ideolog faizma? NE Nipoto!
zar odgovaramo za svoje studente
B. Mussolini je kao student bio socijalista
na njega su se pozivali uglavnom liberali
umro je nakon 8 mjeseci faizma tvrdio je
da je demokracija la. Da
smatrao je da je nejednakost ljudi
neizbjena ali ne misli na prava ljudi ve
sposobnosti
Pareto: tko je zapravo?
Vratio se u Italiju kada je imao 10
godina
Nikad nije rijeio problem nacionalnog
identiteta: govorom Talijan, pismom
Francuz
Studirao 11 godina-ali nesporno dobar
student
1869 postao direktor na eljeznici
Pareto teak ovjek
1889, nakon smrti roditelja mijenja stil
ivota. Nije prihvatio naziv marchese,
prekinuo posao oenio se za
Alessandrinu Bakunin, i preselio u
Fiesole. Zapoeo je pisanja, polemike
lanke protiv vladine politike, javna
predavanja (sindikatima!) i ekanje na
akademski poloaj. Slijedi ga policija i
progoni vlast.
Preokreti u ivotu i miljenju
Moemo identificirati dva prevratnika
momenta u Paretovom ivotu:
Prvo je kada postane aktivni liberalni
politiar, a struno se orijentira prema
ekonomskoj znanosti
Drugo je kada postane svijestan ogranienja
usko definiranog koncepta ekonomske
znanosti i formulira opu teoriju drutva
1902-1903 objavljuje rad Socijalistiki
sistemi a 1915 Opu teoriju sociologije
Uenik Walrasa
Postaje uenik Leona Walrasa. Bili su
potpuno razliiti. Wallras je bio
skroman i samozatajan, idealista.
Pareto svadljivi polemiar, bahati
aristokrata.
Pareto je postavljen za profesora 1893,
sa 45 godina .
Ekonomski teoretiar
Radi razumijevanja njegovog djela treba
razlikovati i razne faze njegove politike karijere:
U mladosti vatreno je zagovarao krajnji
liberalizam, humanizam i demokraciju. Protivio
se autoritetu crkve i religiji, ogranienju trita,
sindikatima i militarizmu. Zagovara laissez-faire
ekonomiju.
U zreloj dobi odbacuje ideju politike jednakosti i
kritizira demokratske institucije
Od ekonomije sociologiji
U kasnijoj dobi Pareto se okree od
ekonomije sociologiji. Stvara vlastitu
teoriju o drutvenom ponaanju
Ljudi djeluju prema interesima
Ne djeluju logino ve nonlogically, but
they make believe they are acting
logically.
Ljudi su razliiti a drutva se dijela na
m(kl)ase i elite
Pozitivista (?)
Driven by the desire to bring an
indispensable complement to the studies of
political economy and inspired by the
example of the natural sciences, I determined
to begin my Treatise, the sole purpose of
which--I say sole and I insist upon the point--
is to seek experimental reality, by the
application to the social sciences of the
methods which have proved themselves in
physics, in chemistry, in astronomy, in
biology, and in other such sciences.
V. Pareto, The Treatise on General Sociology.
to su drutva?
Drutva su sistemski povezane cjeline sastavljene od
samostalnih dijelova. Promjene u jednom dijelu
utjeu na promjene u drugim dijelovima, te ukupnosti
sistema.
Postojee snage drutva djeluju tako da odravaju
postojeu organizaciju i ustroj, ta da je svaka
promjena u skladu s prirodnim razvitkom sustava.
To the contrary, action and reaction within the system
represent a process of maintaining order in the
presence of threats. As with homeostasis in
physiology, the components of society compensate
automatically for alterations or strain in the external
environment.
 Kritika demokracije

U poznatom lanku Rivista (1900), Pareto

odjednom mijenja stav. Do tada radikalni
demokrata i liberal deklarira se kao anti-
democrata.
Povod za to su i nemiri koji su destabilizirali
koncem stoljea Italiju i Francusku i daleko
od stvaranja prave demokracije,
meritokracije i socijalne drave vodili su
zamjeni jedne lite drugom elitom, pri emu
su strukture moi ostale netaknute.
Socioloka analiza
1900, Pareto ulazi i u raspravu s Benedettom
Croceom. Croce je kritizirao ekonomski
pozitivizam temeljen na pretpostavci o homo
oeconomicusu. Pareto barani ekonomsku
metodu simplifikacije ljudskog ponaanja i
logikih ekonomskih zakona.

U isto vrijeme shvaa ogranienost vlastitih

zakljuaka.
Socioloka analiza: zato nam ne
ide dobro?
Zato se ekonomska predvianja ne
ostvaruju? Zato se ne prihvaaju
ekonomske politike koje su racionalne i
logiki neosporive?
Kod socijaliste Georges Sorel, nalazi
odgovor u tezi da ljudske aktivnosti nisu
jednostavno motivirane loginom
akcijom ve su nelogine. O tome ne
govori ekonomija, ve psihologija a
zapravo sociologija.
Osnovne teme

Logika akcija
Residuum
Derivacije
Interesi
Politiki cinizam
Paretov pozitivizam
Pareto smatra da sociologija treba biti
empirijska disciplina koja slijedi metode
prirodnih znanosti. On se zalae za logiko-
eksperimentalnu metodu iskustva i
promatranja.
Pareto believed that the highest form human
organization is the social system. It logically
follows that the natural state of society is one
of dynamic equilibrium.
Logina i nelogina akcija
Akcija ljudi moe biti ili logika ili nelogika:
Logina akcija pojavljuje se u strogom obliku
kad (1) se neki cilj moe realistiki postii, te
ako je tako , (2) razmatra se kojim najboljim
prikladnim sredstvima.
Pareto tvrdi da je logina akcija rijetkost
(obino na podruju ekonomije i znanosti).
Veinom prevladava nelogika akcija koja
odraava osjeaje ljudi ili uroene instinkte.
Aktor i sistem su povezani i aktor je dio
nelogike aktivnosti sistema.
Logina akcija
Pareto definira logiku akciju kao onu koja
"that use means appropriate to ends and
which logically link means with ends."
Logika veza mora biti evidentna ne samo
subjektivno ve i "but [also] from the
standpoint of other persons who have a more
extensive knowledge."
Logine akcije su racionalne i subjektivno i
objektivno
Ples kie- zato je
racionalan?
Pareto posebno razmatra situacije u kojima je akcija subjektivno
logina onima koji je provode ali koja za vanjske, promatrae ne
izgleda takva,odnosno ak postie uinke koji su drukiji od
proglaenih ciljeva. Na primjer:
People believe that by means of certain rites and practices they may
quell a storm or bring rain. Objectively we know that natural
phenomena cannot be produced in this way; yet it may well be that
by engaging in such practices the believers experience a euphoric
sense of power that makes them better able to withstand the
existential trials and tribulations in which they are involved and
strengthens the bonds of the social system in which they participate.
In this case, a belief system that is patently false still has a high
degree of personal or social utility.
"The experimental truth of a theory and its social utility are different
things. A theory that is experimentally true may now be
advantageous, now detrimental to society; and the same applies to
a theory that is experimentally false."
Elita
Let us assume that in every branch of human activity each individual is
given an index which stands as a sign of his capacity, very much the
same way grades are given . . . in examinations in school. The highest
type of lawyer, for instance, will be given 10. The man who does not
get a client will be given 1--reserving zero for the man who is an out-
and-out idiot. To the man who has made his millions--honestly or
dishonestly as the case may be--we will give 10. To the man who has
earned his thousands we will give 6; to such as will just manage to
keep out of the poor-house, 1, keeping zero for those who get in. To
the woman "in politics" . . . who has managed to infatuate a man of
power and play a part in the man's career, we shall give some higher
number such as 8 or 9; to the strumpet who merely satisfies the
senses of such a man and exerts no influence on public affairs, we
shall give zero. To the clever rascal who knows how to fool people and
still keep clear of the penitentiary, we shall give 8, 9, or 10, according
to the number of geese he has plucked. . . . To the sneak-thief who
snatches a piece of silver from a restaurant table and runs away into
the arms of a policeman, we shall give 1.
Lisice i lavovi
Poduzetnici tvore klasu koja se bavi preteno
financijskim manipulacijama, poduzetnicima koji
manipuliraju trinim ansama, politiari i dravnici
koji stvaraju politike pokrete, dogovore, stvaraju
politike imperije . Takve po uzoru ma Machiavellia
naziva lisicama, ljudima sposobnim za poduhvate,
inovaciju, prevrtljivost, nepouzdane u dogovorima i
konzervativnim vrlinama.
Rentijeri predstavljaju snage socijalne inercije i
konzervativizma i imaju jake osjeaje lojalnosti rodu
i naciji gradu i zajednici, pokazuju solidarnost i i
patriotizam esto sui religiozni i skloni tradiciji. Ne
suzdravaju se upotrebe sile. Njih naziva
lavovima ;
Rasidue
Pareto razlikuje 51 residuu u slae ih u est kategorija:
1. Kombinacija obiljeenu vjetinom snalaenja i
stvaranja zajednica
2. Zadravanja agregata obiljeenu porivom ouvanja
tradicije, simbola i drutvenih odnosa
3. Izraavanja osjeaja temeljenu na prijenosu stanja
osjeaja na druge u religijskim ritualima, politikim
mitinzima
4. Socijabilnost namatenje svojih kriterija pripadajuoj
grupi
5. Integriteta izraenu kroz poriv ouvanja
samopotovanja
6. Seksualnog apetita
Racionalizacija ponaanja
Pareto tvrdi da iako ljudi ne djeluju logino i
racionalno imaju snaan poriv opravdati i
uiniti racionalnim svoje postupke, kao da su
oni konzekvenca naela i stavova, ideja i
vjerovanja koje pojedinjac ima.
In fact, what accounts for most action is not
the set of beliefs that is used to rationalize or
"logicalize" it, but rather a pre-existing state
of mind, a basic human sentiment.
Derivacije
Derivations su vaan dio socijalnog isistema i
sistema osobe. One su oblik nelogike
akcije, drutveno prihvatljivi oblik residua,

Javljaju se u razliitim oblicima: These are

assertions, appeals to authority, claims that
are in accordance with prevailing sentiments
or the conventional wisdom, and verbal
proofs that employ ambiguity, abstractions,
and analogies in lieu of hard evidence.
to je sloboda? Derivacija!
Pareto se esto vraa na teme opravdanja nelogine
akcije., a u kasnijoj fazi osobito na pojmove koji su temelj
suvremenih ideologija.
Notions such as "liberty," "equality," "progress," or "the
General Will" are as vacuous as the myths and magical
incantations with which savages rationalize their actions.
None is verifiable, all are fictions that serve mainly to
clothe and make respectable the actions of menWe
have to see to what extent reality is disfigured in the
theories and descriptions of it that one finds in the
literature of thought. We have an image in a curved
mirror; our problem is to discover the form of the object
so altered by refraction.''
Politika
Never take ideas at their face value; do not look at
people's mouths but try to probe deeper to the real
springs of their actions.
A politician is inspired to champion the theory of
"solidarity" by an ambition to obtain money, power,
distinctions. . . . If the politician were to say, "Believe in
solidarity because if you do it means money for me,"
they would get many laughs and few votes. He therefore
has to take his stand on principles that are acceptable to
his prospective constituents. . . . Oftentimes the person
who would persuade others begins by persuading
himself; and even if he is moved in the beginning by
thoughts of personal advantage, he comes eventually to
believe that his real interest is the welfare of others.
La nedemokratskih
ideologija
to je s idealima i teorijama koje opravdavaju
ideale? To je samo propaganda.
Oni koji ele postii vie drutvene poloaje svoj
interes zaodjevaju u takve fraze
Za Pareta humanizam, socijalizam, faizam,
komunizam ili to slino ima isti cilj: All
ideologies were just smokescreens foisted by
"leaders" who really only aspired to enjoy the
privileges and powers of the governing lite.
Vladari i moral
Vladari se ne smiju drati morala.
To ukljuuje vladanje putem zakona i drugih
oblika drutvene kontrole.
The ruler is advised to give the appearance
of virtue, piety, and thrift, thus behaving as
the fox. Or when necessary, the ruler
must resort to power and cruelty as does
the lion. In the words of Machiavelli, it is
safer to be feared than loved.
Mase

Obini osjeaji ljudi su sebinost i

gramzljivost. Podanici nemaju
veliinu, nemaju potenje i nemaju
hrabrost. Zato su podanici.
Podanici ne mogu prevladati svoje
osjeaje, mogu samo imitirati
vladare
Pareto princip
Paretov principle (poznat i kao pravilo 80-
20 Rule) je ztvrdnja da u svakom drutvu
posljedice proizlaze iz malobrojnih uzroka.
80% posljedica je izazvalo 20% uzroka
Pareto vidi da je 80% vlasnitva u Italiji
vlasnitvo 20% ljudi, a na sve fenomene
aktivnosti i drutvenog djelovanja taj
princip primjenjuje Joseph M. Juran .
Stratifikacija
Za Pareta konstantna i univerzalna pojava je
drutvena stratifikacija. Nejednakost je posljedica
razliitih kombinacija residua kod pojedinaca, te
morlanih, intelektualnih i pravnih razlika izmeu
ljudi.
Socijalna stratifikacija je kljuni sistemski
element razumijevanja institucija politike
demokracije.
Opravdanje stratifikacije su razliite derivacije ---,
na primjer jednakost, bratstvo, sloboda
Cirkulacija elita

Glavni element drutvene dinamike za Pareta je

cirkulacija elita.
Povijest je groblje aristokracija.
Stratifikacija je dio prirodnog poretka stvari
Oni na drutvenom vrhu ne mogu dugo ospati na
samom nasilju i moi.
However, sooner or later the more fit members of
the subject classes will demand their place. If they
are not assimilated into the existing elite, then the
historical stage is set for the revolution or coup
detat.
Cirkulacija elita 2
. Aristocracies do not last. . . . History is a graveyard
of aristocracies. . . . They decay not in numbers only.
They decay also in quality, in the sense that they
lose their vigor, that there is a decline in the
proportions of the residues which enabled them to
win their power and hold it. The governing class is
restored not only in numbers, but . . . in quality, by
families rising from the lower classes and bringing
with them the vigor and the proportions of residues
necessary for keeping themselves in power. . . .
Potent cause of disturbance in the equilibrium is the
accumulation of superior elements in the lower
classes and, conversely, of inferior elements in the
higher classes.
Gaetano Mosca

srijeda, 12. listopad 2005

Politika klasa
U drutvima
postoje elite i
mase
Elite vladaju
temeljem
monopola
organiziranosti
Birokracija
Politika klasa
Jos Ortega y Gasset
Jos Ortega y Gasset roen u
Madridu, doktorat filozofijre o
1904.
Visiting scholar Berlin, Leipzig
and Marburg (1905-07), a
Kao liberalni politiar protivio
se diktaturi Primo de Rivera's
dictatorship (1923-30) i
povukao se iz nastave u znak
protesta.
Zastupnik u parlamentu,
povjerenik za Madrid
Emigrant u graanskom ratu
(1936-39)
1941 profesor u Limi
esto predava u USA,
Njemakoj
Umro na 18. 10. 1955
Ortega y Gasset
The Revolt of the Masses presented that society is
composed of masses and dominant minorities. The
work echoed the warnings of 19th-century liberals
that democracy carried with it the risk of tyranny by
the majority. When earlier masses had recognized
the superiority of elites, in modern times masses
wanted to dominate. Bolshevism and fascism were
symptoms of usurpation of power by the "mass
man." Ortega sees that the mass man demands
nothing and lives like everyone else, without vision
or compelling moral code.
Pobuna masa

'The modern world is a

civilized one; its
inhabitant is not
Moderno doba
The philosopher's attempt to make the
"revolt of the masses" responsible for
the alienation and degradation of
modern culture, prepared indirectly
way for fascism. Politically Ortega
favored a form of aristocracy - culture
is maintained by an intellectual
aristocracy because the revolutions of
the masses threaten to destroy culture.