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Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted
inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures
the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
Slump Test
Apparatus
Slump cone : frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of
height. The base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it
has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm
Scale for measurement,
Temping rod(steel) 15mm diameter, 60cm length.
Slump Test
Procedure
The base is placed on a smooth surface and the
container is filled with concrete in three layers,
whose workability is to be tested .
Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16
mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the end.
When the mold is completely filled with concrete,
the top surface is struck off (leveled with mold top
opening) by means of screening and rolling motion
of the temping rod.
The mold must be firmly held against its base during
the entire operation so that it could not move due to
the pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot rests brazed to the mold.
Slump Test
Procedure
Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete
is leveled, the cone is slowly and carefully lifted
vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped
concrete is called slump.
The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides
the slump concrete and the temping rod is placed over
the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is
noted with scale. (usually measured to the nearest 5
mm (1/4 in).
Slump Test
Precautions
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the
variation in the surface friction, the inside of the
mold and its base should be moistened at the
beginning of every test, and prior to lifting of the
mold the area immediately around the base of the
cone should be cleaned from concrete which may
have dropped accidentally.
Slump Test
Types Of Slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes,
and according to the profile of slumped concrete,
the slump is termed as;
Collapse Slump
Shear Slump
True Slump
Slump Test
Types Of Slump
Collapse Slump
In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely.
A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet
High workability
concrete; for sections
with congested
High 100 - 175 0.95 reinforcement. Not
normally suitable for
>Table : Workability, Slump and Compacting Factor of concrete with 19 or 38 mm vibration
(3/4 or 1 1/2 in) maximum
size of aggregate.
Slump Test
Slump
0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 120 120 - 200 200 - 220
(mm)
Consisten
Dry Stiff Plastic Wet Sloppy
cy
>Table : Relation between Consistency and
Slump values
Slump Test
Difference in Standards
The slump test is referred to in several testing and building code,
with minor differences in the details of performing the test.
United States
In the United States, engineers use the ASTM standards and AASHTO
specifications when referring to the concrete slump test. The American
standards explicitly state that the slump cone should have a height of
12-in, a bottom diameter of 8-in and an upper diameter of 4-in. The
ASTM standards also state in the procedure that when the cone is
removed, it should be lifted up vertically, without any rotational
movement at all The concrete slump test is known as "Standard Test
Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete" and carries the code
(ASTM C 143) or (AASHTO T 119).
United Kingdom & Europe
In the United Kingdom, the Standards specify a slump cone height of
300-mm, a bottom diameter of 200-mm and a top diameter of 100-
mm. The British Standards do not explicitly specify that the cone should
only be lifted vertically. The slump test in the British standards was first
(BS 1881102) and is now replaced by the European Standard (BS EN
12350-2)
Flow Test
Definition
The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine
the consistence of fresh concrete.
Application When fresh concrete is delivered to a site by a
truck mixer it is sometimes necessary to check its
consistence before pouring it into formwork.
If the consistence is not correct, the concrete will not have
the desired qualities once it has set, particularly the desired
strength. If the concrete is too pasty, it may result in cavities
within the concrete which leads to corrosion of the rebar,
eventually leading to the formation of cracks (as the rebar
expands as it corrodes) which will accelerate the whole
process, rather like insufficient concrete cover. Cavities will
also lower the stress the concrete is able to support.
Flow Test
Equipment
Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 cm x 70 cm.
Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30
cm high, 17 cm top diameter, 25 cm base diameter
Water bucket and broom for wetting the flow table.
Tamping rod, 60 cm height
Scale for measurement
Flow Test
Conducting
The flow table is wetted.
The cone is placed on the flow table and filled with
fresh concrete in two layers, each layer 25 times
tamp with tamping rod.
The cone is lifted, allowing the concrete to flow.
The flow table is then lifted up several centimeters
and then dropped, causing the concrete flow a
little bit further.
After this the diameter of the concrete is measured
in a 6 different direction and take the average.
Flow Test
Flow Test
Consistenc
Dry Stiff Plastic Wet Sloppy
y
Ball Penetration Test (Kelly
Ball)
Ball Penetration Test (Kelly
Ball)
Definition
Another method used in the field and
laboratory to measure the consistency of
concrete is the ball penetration test (ASTM C360)
which is also known as the Kelly ball test*.
Procedure
It is performed by measuring the penetration, in
inches, of a 6-in. diameter steel cylinder with a
hemi spherically shaped bottom , weighing 30
lbs.
Ball Penetration Test (Kelly
Ball)
Advantages
One of the advantages of the ball penetration test
can be performed on the concrete in a hopper,
buggy, wheelbarrow, or other suitable container.
Another advantage of this method is its simplicity
and the rapidity with which the consistency of the
concrete can be determined.
It is also not dependent on a procedure of filling
and rodding a container like the slump test.
What Difference Between
?
What Difference Between
?
Penetration Test (Kelly Ball)
This is a simple field test consisting of the measurement
of the indentation made by15 cm diameter metal
hemisphere weighing 13.6 kg. when freely placed on
fresh concrete . The test has been devised by Kelly and
hence known as Kelly Ball Test. This has not been covered
by Indian Standards Specification. The advantages of this
test is that it can be performed on the concrete placed in
site and it is claimed that this test can be performed
faster with a greater precision than slump test.
What Difference Between
?
Slump Test
Slump test is the most commonly used method of
measuring consistency of concrete which can be
employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not
a suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete. It
does not measure all factors contributing to workability,
nor is it always representative of the placability of the
concrete.
The apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially
consists of a metallic mold in the form of a frustum of a
cone having the internal dimensions as under:
Bottom diameter : 20 cm
Top diameter : 10 cm
Height : 30 cm
Concrete Workability
Definition
The property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the
amount of useful internal work required to fully compact the
concrete without bleeding or segregation in the finished
product.
Foundations
Low 25 - 50 0.85 Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
High 100 - 175 0.95 (High
Reinforcement)
VeBe Time Test
VeBe Time Test
Definition
It is based on measuring the time (Called VEBE time) needed to
transfer the shape of a concrete mix from a frustum cone to a cylinder
(these shapes are standardized by the apparatus of this test), by
vibrating and compacting the mix. The more VEBE time needed the
less workable the mix is. This method is very useful for stiff mixes.
Apparatus
Cylindrical container with diameter = 240 mm, and height = 200 mm
Mold: the same mold used in the slump test.
Disc : A transparent horizontal disc attached to a rod which slides
vertically
Vibrating Table : 380*260 mm, supported by four rubber shock
absorbers
Tamping Rod
Stop watch
VeBe Time Test
Procedure
1) Slump test as described earlier is performed, placing the
slump cone inside the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the
consist meter.
2) The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turn and place
on the top of the concrete in the pot.
3) The electrical vibrator is then switched on and
simultaneously a stop watch started.
4) The vibration is continued till such time as the conical shape
of the concrete disappears and the concrete assume a
cylindrical shape.
5) This can be judge by observing the glass disc from the top
disappearance of transparency.
6) Immediately when the concrete fully assume a cylindrical
shape, the stop watch is switched off.
VeBe Time Test
7) The time required for the shape of concrete to change
from slump cone shape to cylindrical shape in second is
known as Vibe Degree.
8) This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose
slump value cannot be measure by slump test, but the
vibration is too vigorous for concrete with slump greater
than about 50m.
The test fails if VeBe Time is less than 5 seconds .. And the
test must be created when no collapse or shears slump
in concrete
Concrete Segregation
Definition
Segregation is when the coarse and fine aggregate, and
cement paste, become separated. Segregation may
happen when the concrete is mixed, transported, placed
or compacted
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6 Tests to determine SCC Properties
Consolidating Concrete)
(Self
Slump Flow Test
Definition
The slump flow test aims at investigating the filling ability of SCC. It
measures two parameters: flow spread and flow time T50 (optional).
The former indicates the free, unrestricted deformability and the
latter indicates the rate of deformation within a defined flow distance.
Apparatus
Base plate of size at least 900 900 mm
Abrams cone with the internal upper/lower diameter equal to 100/200
mm and the height of 300 mm
Weight ring (>9 kg) for keeping Abrams cone in place during sample
filling
Stopwatch
Ruler (graduated in mm)
Bucket with a capacity of larger than 6 liters
Moist sponge or towel for wetting the inner surface of the cone
Slump Flow Test
Procedure
Place the cleaned base plate in a stable and level position.
Fill the bucket with 6~7 litres of representative fresh SCC and
let the sample stand still for about 1 minute ( 10 seconds)
During the 1 minute waiting period pre-wet the inner surface
of the cone and the test surface of the base plate using the
moist sponge or towel, and place the cone in the centre on the
200 mm circle of the base plate and put the weight ring on the
top of the cone to keep it in place. (If a heavy cone is used, or
the cone is kept in position by hand no weight ring is needed)
Fill the cone with the sample from the bucket without any
external compacting action such as rodding or vibrating. The
surplus concrete above the top of the cone should be struck
off, and any concrete remaining on the base plate should be
removed
Slump Flow Test
Procedure
After a short rest (no more than 30 seconds for cleaning and
checking the moist state of the test surface), lift the cone
perpendicular to the base plate in a single movement, in
such a manner that the concrete is allowed to flow out freely
without obstruction from the cone, and start the stopwatch
the moment the cone looses contact with the base plate.
Stop the stopwatch when the front of the concrete first
touches the circle of diameter 500 mm. The stopwatch
reading is recorded as the T50 value. The test is completed
when the concrete flow has ceased
Measure the largest diameter of the flow spread, dmax, and
the one perpendicular to it, dperp, using the ruler (reading to
nearest 5 mm). Care should be taken to prevent the ruler
from bending.
Slump Flow Test
Expression Of Results
The slump flow spread S is the average of diameters d and d , as
max perp
or
Expression Of Results
The J-ring flow spread SJ is the average of diameters dmax and
dperp, as shown in Equation (6). SJ is expressed in mm to the
nearest 5 mm
J-Ring Test
Expression Of Results
The J-ring flow time T50J is the period between the moment the
cone leaves the base plate and SCC first touches the circle of
diameter 500 mm. T50J is expressed in seconds to the nearest
1/10 seconds
The J-ring blocking step BJ is calculated using equation (7) and
expressed in mm to the nearest 1 mm.
J-Ring Test
Precisions
Based on the inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project
Testing-SCC (GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2
replicates and 16 operators from 8 laboratories, the values of
repeatability and reproducibility of the J-ring flow spread and flow
time T50J are listed in Table 6
V-Funnel Test
Definition
The V-funnel flow time is the period a defined volume of SCC needs to
pass a narrow opening and gives an indication of the filling ability of
SCC provided that blocking and/or segregation do not take place; the
flow time of the V-funnel test is to some degree related to the plastic
viscosity.
Apparatus
V-funnel, as shown in Figure 7, made of steel, with a flat, horizontal
top and placed on vertical supports, and with a momentary
releasable, watertight opening gate
Stopwatch with the accuracy of 0.1 second
for recording the flow time
Straightedge for levelling the concrete
Buckets with a capacity of 1214 litres
for taking concrete sample
Moist sponge or towel for wetting
the inner surface of the V-funnel
V-Funnel Test
Procedure
Place the cleaned V-funnel vertically on a stable and flat ground,
with the top opening horizontally positioned
Wet the interior of the funnel with the moist sponge or towel and
remove the surplus of water, e.g. through the opening. The inner
side of the funnel should be just wet.
Close the gate and place a bucket under it in order to retain the
concrete to be passed
Fill the funnel completely with a representative sample of SCC
without applying any compaction or rodding
Remove any surplus of concrete from the top of the funnel using
the straightedge.
Open the gate after a waiting period of (10 2) seconds. Start the
stopwatch at the same moment the gate opens
V-Funnel Test
Procedure
Look inside the funnel and stop the time at the moment when
clear space is visible through the opening of the funnel. The
stopwatch reading is recorded as the V-funnel flow time, noted as
tV
Do not touch or move the V-funnel until it is empty
Expression Of Results
The V-funnel flow time tV is the period from releasing the gate
until first light enters the opening, expressed to the nearest 0.1
second
V-Funnel Test
Expression Of Results
Based on the inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project
Testing-SCC (GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2
replicates and 20 operators from 10 laboratories, the precision of
the V-funnel flow time can be expressed by the following equations
the precision of the V-funnel flow time can be expressed by the
following equations:
r = 0.335 tV 0.62, with R2 = 0.823, when 3 tV 15; and r = 4.4 when
tV > 15 (8)
and
R = 0.502 tV 0.943, with R2 = 0.984, when 3 tV 15; and R = 6.6
when tV > 15 (9)
where R2 is the square correlation coefficient.
Expression Of Results
The Orimet flow time tO is the period from releasing the gate until
first light enters the opening, expressed to the nearest 0.1 second
Based on the inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project
Testing-SCC (GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2
replicates and 20 operators from 10 laboratories, the precision of
the Orimet flow time (with the orifice 70 mm) can be expressed by
the following equations
Orimet Test
Expression Of Results
r = 0.433 tO 0.594, with R2 = 0.996, when 3 tO 15; and r = 6.6
when tO > 15
(10)
and
R = 0.472 tO 0.28, with R2 = 0.947, when 3 tO 15; and R = 6.8
when tO > 15 (11)
where R2 is the square correlation coefficient.