Embedded system in typical modern

automobile
Embedded system is the heart of a vehicles electronic system because of its versatility
and flexibility.

The revolution of electronics has manipulated in automotive design including the fuel
combustion, power train crash protection, etc.

Advanced usage of embedded system in vehicle can help in controlling the pollution,
increasing the facility to provide systems monitoring features that consumers demand.

Today a typical vehicle contains around 25 to 35 microcontrollers,

and some luxury vehicles contain approximately 60 to 70 microcontrollers per vehicle.

 The most commonly used embedded systems in a vehicle include
Airbags,
anti-lock braking system,
black box,
adaptive cruise control,
drive by wire,
satellite radio,
telematics, emission control,
traction control,
automatic parking,
in-vehicle entertainment systems,
night vision,
heads up display, back up collision sensors, navigational systems, tyre
pressure monitor, climate control, etc.
 A) Engine management system (Gasoline/Diesel)

B) Vehicle safety system

C) Body electronics system

D) Infotainment system (Navigation,car radio)

Engine management system
 Engine management system
Engine management system is responsible for
controlling the amount of fuel being injected
and for adjusting the ignition timing.
Optimum functioning of EMS assures
maximum engine power
with the lowest emission
And with lowest fuel consumption
 As the requirements for lower and lower
emissions continue, together with the need for
better performance, other areas of engine
control are constantly being investigated.
Ignition timing.
Dwell angle.
Fuel quantity.
EGR (exhaust gas recirculation).
Canister purge.
Idle speed.
Engine management system
General block diagram of an ignition
and fuel
control system
1.gasoline engine management system
2.Diesel engine management system
 Inputs to Controllers
1. Throttle position
sensor (TPS)
2. Mass air flow rate
(MAF)
3. Engine
temperature (coolant
temperature) (CT)
4. Engine speed
(RPM) and position
5. Exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR)
valve position
6. Exhaust gas oxygen
(EGO)
 Outputs from
Controllers
1. Fuel
metering
control
2. Ignition
control
3. Ignition
timing
4. Exhaust
gas
recirculatio
n control
 Diesel engine management system

The barometric air pressure

The manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP (BAP) is an important parameter
sensor) to compute the air-fuel ratio
Vehicle safety
system
 The reason for the development of anti-lock
brakes (ABS) is very simple. Under braking
conditions, if one or more of the vehicle
wheels locks (begins to skid), there are a
number of consequences.
Braking distance increases.
Steering control is lost.
Abnormal tyre wear.
 Requirements of ABS
Fail-safe system -In the event of the ABS system
failing the conventional brakes must still operate
to their full potential.
Manoeuvrability must be maintained - Good
steering and road holding must continue when
the ABS system is operating.
Immediate response must be available The
response must be appropriate whether the driver
applies the brakes gently or slams them on hard.
 Pedal pressure
Controlled variable
Road/vehicle conditions
Vehicle reference speed
Wheel acceleration or deceleration
Brake slip
Vehicle deceleration
 Anti locking Braking system
ABS uses wheel speed sensors to determine if
one or more wheels are trying to lock up
during braking. If a wheel tries to lock up, a
series of hydraulic valves limit or reduce the
braking on that wheel. This prevents skidding
and allows you to maintain steering control.
Traction control
 The steerability of a vehicle is not only lost
when the wheels lock up on braking; the same
effect arises if the wheels spin when driving
off under severe acceleration. Electronic
traction control has been developed as a
supplement to ABS.
 The following list of advantages can be
claimed for a good traction control system.

Improved tractive force.

Maintain stability.
Reduction of yawing moment reactions
Better safety and stability on poor surfaces.
Less driver stress.
Longer tyre life.
No wheel spin on turning and cornering.
 Control methods
Throttle control
Ignition control
Braking effect
 Vehicle safety system
Active safety system
Anti locking breaking system
Traction control

Passive safety system

Air bag
Seat belt tightner
 Embedded Airbag System

An embedded airbag system an important

safety device that provides extra protection
against head-on crash for the front seat
occupants. This System works on the
commands from the microcontroller. The
controller of this system gets the power from
the battery. If the sensors detect accident, this
microcontroller operates the airbag system by
operating alternator.
Airbag system
Air bag mechanism
Seat belt tensioner
 Embedded Navigation System

Another advancement of the embedded system in

automobiles is the navigational system using GPS
system. This navigational system consists of an
embedded circuitry built with a GPS receiver, a
gyroscope, a DVD-ROM, main controller and a display
system as shown in the figure. The GPS receiver
receives the current longitude and latitude values that
are compared with the stored map. The Gyroscope and
other sensors provide the road direction and speed.
From all the information gathered at the main
controller, the display system displays a navigation or
route map of the destination in the display screen.