Protection Application Line Protection

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Benefits of Series compensated lines
Improvement in stability margins
Improved load division on parallel paths
Reduction in transmission losses
Ability to regulate power flow
Reduction in the voltage drop on the system
during severe disturbances
ABB Group - 2 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Conventional spark gap-protected capacitor

L Bypass circuit-breaker R
Airgap

X11 XC X12

Protection Location
XSL XSR
ABB Group - 3 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
MOV protected capacitor

Bypass circuit-breaker
L Airgap R
Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)

X11 XC X12

Protection location
XSL XSR
ABB Group - 4 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Protection problems encountered

Negative reactance of the series capacitor

Apparent impedances dependent on gap flashing.
Voltage or current inversion
Sub synchronous oscillations
Dissymmetries due to nonsymmetrical gap
flashover/re-insertion .
Slow increase of the short circuit current in the L-C-
R fault loop
ABB Group - 5 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Apparent impedances of a series compensated
line
Protection Location
L R
Airgap

X11 = 50% CL CR X12 = 50%

XC = 50%

C R L-CL-CR-R - Gaps not flashed

CL R
L-CL-CR-R - Gaps flashed

L CR

Faults beyond the series capacitor appear closer when the

capacitor is in service,
ABB Group - 6 -

Distance protection under reaching zones must be set very

22-Jun-17

short to avoid overreach.

 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Apparent impedances of a series
compensated line
L Protection Location R
Airgap

CL CR X12 = 100%
XC = 70%
X11 = 0%
R

L-CL-CR-R - Gaps not flashed

100 %
R L-CL-CR-R - Gaps flashed

C R
L CL

70 %

CR

Forward faults may appear to the distance relay in the reverse direction
Faulty-phase polarized directional measurement detects the fault in the
ABB Group - 7 -

wrong direction.
22-Jun-17

Healthy phase- and memory voltage polarization required.

 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Voltage inversion at a series compensated
line
Source voltage

Pre-fault voltage

Fault voltage

U UM

Source
XS XL1
~
IF XC

X S X L1 X C

Voltage inversion causes

false decision in conventional directional relays.
ABB Group - 8 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Current inversion on a series compensated
line
Pre-fault voltage

Source voltage
UM
Fault voltage

Source
XS XL1
~
IF XC

X C X S X L1

Causes a false directional decision of distance relays

(voltage memories do not help in this case)
ABB Group - 9 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Setting of the first and second zones in
series-compensated lines

Zone 2L

L R
Zone 1L
X12
X11
XC Zone 1R
DL DR

Zone 2R

Very often zone 1 is set to reach less than the

reactance of the compensated line
ABB Group - 10 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Reach of the first and second zones after the
capacitor is shorted

Zone 2L

L R
Zone 1L
G X12
X11
XC Zone 1R
DL DR

Zone 2R
ABB Group - 11 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Permissive overreach distance protection

L R
Permissive Zone LEFT

X12
X11
XC Permissive Zone RIGHT
DL DR
ABB Group - 12 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Influence of Protection in adjacent power
lines by the negative impedance

A1 L
X1
X
XC
A2 I1
X2 X11
I
X 11
A3 I1
I2
X3 I
I
DA1
XC
I3 I1
DL
DA2

DA3
X1

X C X 11
Z r1
I X r1
X r1 X 1 XC X 11 R
I1
I
X r2 X 2 XC X 11
I2
I
X r3 X 3 XC X 11
I3
Reactance Xr1, seen by the relay at station A1
I1 I 2 I 3 I

XC = measured relay reactance

ABB Group - 13 -

Due to intermediate in feeds protection far away

from the faulty line can mal operate by its
22-Jun-17

instantaneous zone
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Quadrilateral characteristic, cross-polarised

X12

X11

ZS

XC
ABB Group - 14 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Negative fault current

L R
I1 I2

XL11 XC XL21
XL10 XL20

XSL1 XSR1
XSL0 XSR0

A distance protection cannot operate for negative fault

ABB Group - 15 -

current and is not suitable.

22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Series compensated parallel power lines
(zero-sequence system)

Xa0 - X0M- XC
Xa0
X0M

Xa0
XC
}X
0M Xa0 - X0M- XC

XC
ABB Group - 16 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Current inversion phenomena

L R L R

L1 L1

L2 L2
Protection location
ABB Group - 17 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Double circuit series-compensated power
lines
The capacitor will compensate the self impedance in
the zero sequence network while the mutual
impedance will be the same as on non-compensated
power lines. The effect of the mutual impedance will
therefore be worse than for non-compensated double
lines.
If there exists negative impedance and negative fault
current at the same time and a good phase selection is
required for single pole autoreclosure, the distance
protection system will be faced with difficult
measurement problems.
ABB Group - 18 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Other problems
Subsynchronous transients and oscillations
Gap flashing transients
ABB Group - 19 -
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Series compensated lines and sub-synchronous
oscillations
A B C

~ Load
Series
capacitor Fault
X

Fault impedance Sub-synchronous

frequency components
Load impedance

Locus of transient
fault impedance
ABB Group - 20 -

A
22-Jun-17
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
ABB Group - 21 -
22-Jun-17