ITU

Maritime Faculty
2017

EXAMINATION OF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

FOR LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES

GRADUATION PROJECT

Bar ZTRK
130100121
Personal Floatation Devices
Lifebuoys
Lifejackets
Survival suits
 LIFEBUOYS
Lifebuoy
Lifebuoy With Life Line
Lifebuoy With Self-igniting Light
Combined Light And Smoke Manoverboard Lifebuoy
LIFEBUOYS
Made from buoyant material, do not require the inflatation and must be visible
colour.

They can float and support the weight of a person in the water.
LIFEJACKETS

Lifejacket is a tool designed as a floatation assistant. They turn the body of

an unconscious person in the water from any position to one where the
mouth is clear of the water in not more than 5 s.
 SURVIVAL SUITS
Immersion Suit
TPA(Thermal Protective Aid)
THERMAL PROTECTIVE AID

A thermal protective aid shall be made of waterproof material having a

thermal conductance.
TPA shall be so constructed that, when used to enclose a person, it shall
reduce both the convective and evaporative heat loss from the wearer's
body.
IMMERSION SUITS
Immersion suit is a special type of waterproof dry suit that protects the wearer from
hypothermia from immersion in cold water.

It will not lower the body temperature more than 2 degrees for 6 hours at a
temperature of between 0C and 2C.
 PYROTECHNIC EQUIPMENT
Rocket Parachute Flares
Hand Flares
Buoyant Smoke Signals
Line Throwing Appliances
HAND FLARE

Burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than

15.000 cd.
Have a burning period of not less than 1 min with a bright red colour.
BUOYANT SMOKE SIGNAL

Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of

not less than 3 min when floating in calm water.
Continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s
under 100 mm of water.
ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARE

The rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than
300 m.
Luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 cd.
Have a burning period of not less than 40 s.
LINE-THROWING APPLIANCES

Include not less than four project lines each capable of carrying the line
at least 230 m in calm weather.
Include not less than four lines each having a breaking strength of not
less than 2 kN.
 SURVIVAL CRAFTS
Liferafts
Lifeboats
Rescue Boats
LIFERAFT
Liferafts are the means of non-motorized survival crafts used to leave the ship when an
emergency situation occurs in the open sea. Liferafts, which can be inflatable or in solid
form, are designed to allow victims to survive for long periods at sea.
LIFEBOAT

Lifeboat is used at the time of extreme emergencies for abandoning a ship. It is a

smaller rigid boat, secured onboard into davits so that it can be launched over the
side of the ship with least time and mechanical assistance possible for an early
escape of the crew from the ship.
RESCUE BOAT
Rescue boats are designed to rescue person in water and carry them to the
vessel.Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated construction or a combination of
both and shall not be less than 3.8 m and not more than 8.5 m in length.
LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS
The launching mechanism shall be so arranged that it may be actuated by one person
from a position on the ship's deck and, except for secondary launching appliances for
free-fall lifeboats, from a position within the survival crafts.
MARINE EVACUATION SYSTEM
Marine evacuation system shall provide for safe descent of persons of various
ages, sizes and physical capabilities wearing approved lifejackets from the
embarkation station to the floating platform or survival craft.
PRESENT STATE OF DEFICIENCIES ON
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES CARRIED BY
PORT STATE INSPECTIONS
Overview
Port state Control(PSC) is a ship inspection program whereby
foreign vessels entering a sovereign states waters are boarded and
inspected to ensure compliance with various.

For The Purpose of Verifying;

Competency of the master, officers and crew on board.

The Condition of the ship and its equipments comply with the requirements of
international conventions(e.g. SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW).

The vessel is manned and operated in compliance with applicable international law.
9 Regional MoUs
Paris MOU
Tokyo MOU
Vina del Mar MOU
Mediterrenean MOU
Indian Ocean MOU
Riyadh MOU
Black Sea MOU
Caribbean MOU
Abuja MOU

There are currently 9 regional Port State Control agreements

covering the world's seas.
Why are Regional Mous Important
Eliminate port-shopping

Sharing of Information pertaining to ships their owners and their

operators

Give forewarning to maritime states for sub-standard ships

Assist PSC in eliminating sub-standard shipping

Life Saving Appliances Port State Control Checklist
Lifeboat
- structure sound

Lifeboat engine
-can start without difficulty

Lifeboat inventory
-all as required and in date

Lifeboat davits
-well maintained and in good working order

Emergency lighting and batteries

-functioning correctly and in place
 Lifejackets
-correct number,
-correct location,
-with appropriate marking and in good condition

Lifebuoys
-correct number,
-correct location,
-with appropriate marking and in good condition

Inflatable liferafts
-clear of obstructions,
-weak link correctly positioned,
-hydrostatic release in date

Embarkation arrangements for survival crafts

-all in order as per requirements
Most Common Deficiencies On Life-saving
Appliances Carried By Port State Controls
Poor condition of lifeboat hull
Seize of on-load release gear by excessive paint
Inadequate re-setting of on-load release gear
Inappropriate resetting of on-load release gear
Broken safety belt
Poor condition of lifeboat
Improper reset of on load release gear interlock lever
Cracked window of lifeboat
Number Of Deficiencies And Deficiencies n (%) Of
Total Number Related To Life Saving Appliances
Carried by PSC MoU Regions.
Mediterrenean MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances
DEF. IN (%)
NUMBER OF
YEAR OF TOTAL In the inspections carried out from
DEFICIENCIES
NUMBER 2005 to 2009, there is a decrease in the
2005 1886 %10,06 deficiency ratio. From 2008 until 2011,
2006 2170 %9,15 the deficiencies of life saving
2007 2491 %8,93 equipments were %7. However, as of
1835 %7,27
2012 they have risen above %8.
2008
1923 %7,15
2009 When the 11-year process is examined,
1858 %7,37
2010 the annual average number of
2011 1708 %7,65 deficiency is 1882. When it is examined
2012 1698 %8,88 on a percentage basis, it has a rate of
2013 1297 %8,43 %8.44.
2014 1226 %8,00

2015 1519 %10,0

Black Sea MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances

DEF. IN
NUMBER OF (%) OF The lowest number of deficiency of the
YEAR
DEFICIENCIES TOTAL Black Sea MOU was seen in 2002
NUMBER however, from 2002 onwards, with a
2002 1092 %14,12 high increase, in 2003, it reached 2695
2003 2695 %16,11 deficiencies.
2004 3859 %16,78
2005 3271 %14,26
2006 2926 %12,81 When the 14-year process is examined,
2007 2669 %11,98 the average value of deficiency is
2008 3361 %12,57 2756.On a percentage basis, it has an
2009 3047 %13,38 average of 13.88%.
2010 2856 %13,31
2011 2664 %13,84
2012 2405 %13,42
2013 2628 %13,71
2014 2509 %13,67
2015 2604 %14,39
Indian Ocean MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances

DEF. IN (%)
YEAR
NUMBER OF
OF TOTAL The maximum deficiency for life
DEFICIENCIES
NUMBER saving equipment during the 16-
2000 2519 %16,87 years period was observed in
2001 2238 %15,28 2000. From 2000 to 2012, the
2002 1991 %15,64 deficiency rates decreased in the
2003 1736 %13,12 general framework.
2004 2024 %13,37
2005 1999 %13,32
2006 2031 %12,66 In the annual reports of the
2007 1773 %11,52 Indian Ocean MOU, deficiency
2008 2128 %11,33 rate of life saving equipment has
2009 1902 %10,90 been in excess of 10%, except for
2010 1704 %10,14 2011, compared to total number
2011 1713 %8,91 of deficiency.
2012 1560 %10,43
2013 1452 %10,54
2014 1710 %10,14
2015 1493 %10,02
 Vina Del Mar MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances
NUMBER OF DEF. IN (%) OF TOTAL
YEAR
DEFICIENCIES NUMBER
2006 1931 %10,58
2007 2618 %10,07
2008 2227 %8,98
2009 2309 %10,41
2010 2376 %11,07
2011 1859 %8,00
2012 1083 %8,13
2013 444 %7,40
2014 523 %7,89
2015 418 %8,09
In Vina Del Mar MOU annual reports, the maximum number of deficiency was found
between 2008 and 2010.

Reached the maximum number of deficiency in 2007 and has become a decreasing trend
until 2015.

When the deficiencies for life-saving equipments are compared with the total number of
deficiencies, the highest rate is seen in 2010. The lowest rate is by 2013 with 7.40%.
Caribbean MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances
NUMBER OF DEF. IN (%) OF TOTAL
YEAR DEFICIENCIES NUMBER
2007 75 %9,92
2008 36 %11,32
2009 34 %5,93
2010 44 %10,09
2011 140 %11,81
2012 166 %10,95
2013 166 %9,51
2014 194 %12,21
2015 318 %15,53
The annual reports of the Caribbean MOU show that there has been a significant
increase in the number of deficiency of life saving equipment after 2010.

As a result of the increasing number of inspection since 2011, there has been an
increase in the number of deficiencies of life saving equipments in parallel.

When the nine-year process was examined, an average of 130 deficiencies were
found for life saving equipments.
Abuja MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances
NUMBER OF DEF. IN (%) OF
YEAR DEFICIENCIES TOTAL NUMBER
2012 31 %8,07
2013 30 %6,02
2014 36 %5,91
2015 20 %3,79
2016 35 %5,45
Abuja MOU is the least auditing establishment compared to other port state
MOUs.

When annual reports are examined, there is no significant change in annual

deficiency numbers.In Abuja MOU annual reports the highest deficiency
rate was seen in 2012.

Abuja MOU has an average of 30 deficiencies pertaining to life saving

equipments over 5-year period.
Riyadh MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances

YEAR NUMBER OF DEF. IN (%) OF

DEFICIENCIES TOTAL NUMBER
2012 69 %7,44
2013 76 %9,36
2014 2 %0,25
2015 86 %9,50

The maximum non-compliance rate of Riyadh MOU was seen in 2015 with rate of
9.50%.

Until 2015, there has been a continuous increase in the number and rate of deficiency
of life saving equipments, except for 2014.

When the annual reports of Riyadh MOU are examined, an average of 58 deficiencies
were found for life saving equipments.
Tokyo MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number
related to life saving appliances
DEF. IN (%)
YEAR
NUMBER OF
OF TOTAL
When the annual reports of
DEFICIENCIES the Tokyo MOU examined, the
NUMBER
1998 11025 %26,58 deficiencies until 2001 were
1999 10266 %20,48 over rate of %20. After 2004,
2000 11774 %20,15
2001 13558 %19,53 deficiency rates fell below
2002 13013 %17,30 %15.
2003 14024 %16,67
2004 11259 %15,39
2005 10914 %14,62
When the 18-years process
2006 10871 %13,49 was examined, an average of
2007 11313 %13,48 11683 deficiencies were found
2008 11491 %12,84 for life saving equipments.
2009 12131 %13,97
2010 11077 %12,28
2011 12281 %11,86
2012 12070 %12,03
2013 11507 %12,08
2014 10515 %11,74
2015 11213 %13,41
Paris MOU number of deficiencies and deficiencies in (%) of total number related to
life saving appliances
DEF. IN (%)
YEAR
NUMBER OF
OF TOTAL
When the annual reports
DEFICIENCIES published by the Paris MOU are
NUMBER
1995 12077 %22,19 examined, the report published in
1996 12123 %22,46 1996 shows that deficiencies have
1997 10263 %19,25
1998 10445 %18,06 the greatest volume compared to
1999 10882 %17,94 other years with rate of
2000 10942 %16,20 22.19%.After 1996 deficiency rate
2001 10516 %15,30
2002 9009 %13,04
is gradually decreasing over the
2003 8406 %11,69 years.
2004 6793 %10,60
2005 6147 %9,85 Deficiency on life saving
2006 6017 %9,10
2007 6174 %8,20 equipment has been observed to
2008 6465 %7,71 be over 10.000 by more than 15%
2009 6793 %9,45 until 2002, but after 2004 it has
2010 5636 %9,66
2011 4782 %9,35
been observed to fall below 10% in
2012 4393 %8,92 general frame.
2013 4526 %9,20
2014 4016 %8,70
2015 3709 %9,00
CONCLUSION
Life saving appliances have reached the standards they have today, as a result of
the development of safety culture throughout history. Accidents, loss of life and
property, marine pollution emphasize that the concept of safety at sea is very
important in the international dimension. Today, with the developing technology,
new designs and changes are continuing in the standards related to life saving
appliances.

Port state authority is not only a concept that serves for national interests but also
for the interests of the international community. The protection of such interests
shall only be possible by the effective use of port state authorities by all countries.
Port state authority remains completely discretionary and if the obligation to
implement is not met with international standards , the concept of easy port will be
formed as it is in easy flag phenomenon. For these reasons, port states should go
through co-operation, implement similar inspection procedures, provide
infrastructure work and achieve similar inspection rates. These studies will prevent
easy harbors as well as negativities caused by the concept of easy flag.