DEFINITION OF

RESEARCH

Searching for a theory, for

testing theory, or for solving
a problem.
 A systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the
presumed relations among
natural phenomena.
- Kerlinger (1973)
Controlled unlike ordinary
problems which may be
solved cursorily.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

SOURCES OF A PROBLEM
McGuigan (1978)
1. When there is an absence
of information resulting in a
gap in our knowledge
2. When there are
contradictory results.
3. When a fact exists and you
intend to make your study
explain it.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD PROBLEM

1. The topic should be of great

interest to you.
2. Useful for the concerned
people in a particular field.
3. It possesses novelty
4. A good problem is one
which invites more complex
designing.
5. A good problem can be
completed in the allotted
time desired.
6. It does not carry ethical or
moral impediments
 DISCOVERING AND
IDENTIFYING A PROBLEM

1. Reading a lot of literature in

your field of concentration
and being critical of what
you read.
2. Attending professional
lectures.
3. Being close observant of
situations and happenings
around you.
4. Thinking out the possibility of
research for most topics or
lessons taken in content
courses
5. Attending research
colloquiums or seminars
6. Conducting mini-
researches and noting the
obtained findings closely
7. Compiling researches with
special emphasis on content
and methodology
8. Visiting various libraries for
possible discovery of
researchable topics
9. Subscribing to journals in
your field and in research
10. Building up a library
materials in your field
 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

Limiting and Defining the

Problem
1. Define some major terms or
concepts.
2. Read further literature.
WRITING THE TITLE OF THE
INVESTIGATION

1. It draws, in summary form,

the contents of the entire
investigation.
2. It serves as a frame of
reference for the whole
thesis.
3. It enables the
researcher to refer to
the work for possible
survey of theory.
4. Names the topic or area
to be investigated.
5. It should contain three
things:
a. The variables in the study
b. The relationship among
variables
c. The target population
 TITLES IMPROVED

1. A Study of the IQ, Socio-Economic

Relationship Status, Personality,
between IQ, Socio- Work Values, and
Economic Status, Career Preferences
Personality, Work Among Fourth Year
Values, and Career High School
Preferences Students of Metro
Manila
2. The Factors in
Relationship of Parental
Parental Behavior and
Behavior and Personality as
Personality to Related to
Problem Problem
Behavior Behavior in
Children
3. Smoking Peer and Other
Behavior of Influences on
Fourth Year High Smoking
School Students Behavior Among
Fourth Year High
School in Cainta,
Rizal
4. A Study of the Power Styles of Public
Power Styles of Elementary School
Principals and Head Principals and Head
Teachers Teachers as
Related to Selected
Personal Variables
in the Division of
Batangas City
5. The Creativity and
Relationship Music
Between Achievement
Creativity and Among Grade
Six Pupils in
Music Three RVM
Achievement Schools of
Metro Manila
LISTING DOWN A WORKING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REVIEWING RELATED
LITERATURE/STUDIES
STATING THE PROBLEM

< The title of a study names

the topic or an area to be
investigated.
< It may be in a question form
or a declarative statement.
< It should be precise, clear
and accurate.
STATING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
< value of the study or its
significant contribution to
new knowledge
< validating or defining to
existing theories
THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
< clear explanation as to why
the study is needed by
showing how the variables in
the study are related to each
other.
< Uses theory or theories in
explaining why a certain
phenomenon occurs.
THE HYPOTHESIS

< Suggested solution to a

problem
< Has several basic
characteristics:
a. Should be reasonable
because it has a valid basis
< Should be consistent with
known facts or theories
< Should be testable with
the use of statistical tools
TWO TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis
- no existence of effect,
interaction, relationship
or difference between
the variables being
studied.
2. Alternative Hypothesis
EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESIS
Alternative Hypothesis:
There is a significant
difference between the
perceptions of the teachers
concerning the different
aspects in the teaching of
science in Science High
Schools in Manila
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant
difference between the
perceptions of the teachers
and those of students
concerning the different
aspects in the teaching of
Science in Science High
Schools in Manila
STATEMENT OF
ASSUMPTIONS

< Statements or facts

related to the research
problem which are
presumed to be true on the
basis of observations and
experience.
< not all investigations have
a statement of assumptions
because these have been
integrated in the
introductory portion of the
report.
EXAMPLES OF
ASSUMPTIONS

1. Urban families have

much greater income
than their counterparts in
rural areas.
2. The subjects in this study
belong to a certain
religious sect or group.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Scope defines the
coverage or boundaries of
the study in terms of the
area or locality, subjects or
population covered, the
duration or period of the
study, and issues or
concerns in which the
investigation is focused.
Limitation aspect of the
investigation which may
affect the result of the
study, but over which the
researcher has no control.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Conceptual Definition
2. Operational Definition
 THE HYPOTHESIS

Tentative explanation for certain

behaviors, phenomena, or
events which have occurred or
will occur
- Gay (1976)
Testable statement of a potential
relationship between two or
more variables.

McGuigan (1978)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD HYPOTHESIS

1. It should be reasonable.
2. It should also state in definite
terms, the relationship between
variables.
3. It should be testable.
4. It should follow the findings of
previous studies.