UNIT V

WAVEGUIDES AND RESONATORS

 Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Waveguide and other transmission lines for the low-l
oss transmission of microwave power.
Early microwave systems relied on waveguide and co
axial lines for transmission line media.
Waveguide: high power-handling capability, low loss
, but bulky and expensive
Coaxial line: high bandwidth, convenient for test appl
ications, difficult medium in which to fabricate compl
ex microwave components.
Planar transmission lines: stripline, microstrip, slotlin
e, coplanar waveguide compact, low cost, easily in
tegrated with active devices
 General Solutions for TEM, TE and TM waves
General solutions to Maxwells equations for the spec
ific cases of TEM, TE and TM wave propagation in c
ylindrical transmission lines or waveguides.
Uniform in z direction and infinitely long

Figure 3.1 (p. 92)

(a) General two-conductor transmission line and (b) closed waveguide.
 Assume ejt dependence
z ( x, y)]e j z
E ( x, y, z ) [e ( x, y) ze
z ( x, y)]e j z
H ( x, y, z ) [h ( x, y) zh
where e(x,y) and h(x,y): transverse (x,y) E & H field
components, ez and hz: longitudinal E & H field comp
onents.
Assume source free,
E j H
H j E
 Ez H z
j E y j H x , j H y j Ex ,
y y
Ez H z
j Ex j H y , j H x j E y ,
x x
E y Ex H y H x
j H z j Ez
x y x y
kc2 k 2 2

j Ez H z j Ez H z
H x 2 Ex 2
kc y x kc x y
j Ez H z j Ez H z
H y 2 Ey 2
kc x y kc y x
 where kc: cutoff wavenumber,
k 2 /:the wavenumber of the material
filling with the transmission line or waveguide region
.
TEM Waves
TEM waves are characterized by Ez = Hz = 0.
From 2(3.3a)
E y and
2
E y k
(3.4b)

the cutoff wavenumber kc = 0 for TEM waves.

Helmholtz equation2 for Ex from (1.42)
2
2
2
2 2 2 k Ex 0
x y z
 For e-jz 2
dependence, E 2
E k 2
Ex
z 2 x x

2 2
2 2 Ex 0
x y
Similar result also applies to Ey ( t2 2 / x 2 2 / y 2 )
t2 e ( x, y ) 0
Transverse fields e(x,y) of a TEM wave satisfy Laplace
s equation.
Similarly, t2 h ( x, y ) 0
In the electrostatic case, E field can be expressed as
e ( x, y) t ( x, y)(t x( / x) y ( / y)
 The curl of e must vanish:
t e j hz z 0
D 0 t e 0 t2 ( x, y ) 0
The voltage between 2 conductors and current flow o
n a conductor:

2
V12 1 2 E dl , I H dl
1 C
TEM waves can exist when 2 or more conductors are
present. (ex: Plane waves)
 The wave impedance of a TEM mode
Ex
ZTEM
Hy
Ey
ZTEM
Hx
1
h ( x, y ) z e ( x, y )
ZTEM
 The procedure for analyzing a TEM line:
Solve Laplace equation, (3.14) for (x,y)
Find these constants by applying the B.C. for the known vo
ltages on the conductors
Compute e and E form (3.13) & (3.1a). Compute h and H fr
om (3.18) and (3.1b).
Compute V from (3.15), I from (3.16).
The propagation constant is given by (3.8), Z0 is given by Z
0 = V/I.
 TE Waves
Characterized by Ez = 0, Hz 0.
j H z j H z
Hx 2 Ex
kc x kc2 y
j H z j H z
Hy 2 Ey 2
kc y kc x
In this case, kc 0, and the propagation constant
k 2 kc2 is generally a function of frequency
and the geometry of the line or guide
.
 The Helmholtz equation
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 k Hz 0
x y z
Since Hz(x,y,z) = hz(x,y)e-jz, and kc2 = k2 2
2 2 2
2 2 kc hz 0
x y
TE wave impedance can be
Ex E y k
ZTE
Hy Hx
 TM Waves
Characterized by Hz = 0, Ez 0.
j Ez j Ez
Hx 2 Ex
kc y kc2 x
j Ez j Ez
Hy Ey
kc x
2
kc2 x

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 k Ez 0
x y z

2 2 2 Ex E y
2 2 kc ez 0 ZTM
x y Hy H x k
 The procedure for analyzing TE and TM waveguides
1. Solve the reduced Helmholtz equation, for hz or ez. The s
olution will contain several unknown constants, and the u
nknown cutoff wavenumber, kc.
2. Find the transverse fields from hz or ez.
3. Apply the B.C. to the appropriate field components to
find the unknown constants and kc.
4. The propagation constant and the wave impedance is ther
fore calculated.
 Attenuation due to Dielectric Loss
Using the complex dielectric constant
2 k 2 kc2
d j kc2 k 2 kc2 2 0 0 r (1 j tan )

In practice, most dielectric materials have a very smal

l loss (tan <<1). Using the Taylor expansion,
for x << a
2 1/ 2
x 1 x 2 1 x2
a x a 1
2 2
a 1 a
a 2 a 2 a

 Above equation reduces to
jk 2 tan
kc2 k 2 jk 2 tan kc2 k 2
2 kc2 k 2
k 2 tan
j
2

For TE or TM wave k 2 tan

d
2
For TEM line, kc = 0, k = k tan
d
2
 Parallel Plate Waveguide

Figure 3.2 (p. 98)

Geometry of a parallel plate waveguide.
 The simplest type of guide that can support TM and T
E modes; can also support a TEM mode.
TEM Modes
TEM mode solution can be obtained by solving Lapla
ces equation.
t2( x, y ) 0 for 0 x W , 0 y d
Assume ( x, 0) 0, ( x, d ) V0
Since there is no variation in x,
( x, y ) A By ( x, y) V0 y / d
The transverse E-field from (3.13),
e ( x, y) t ( x, y) yV
0 /d

jkz V0 jkz
E ( x , y , z ) e ( x, y ) e y e
d
 1 V0 jkz
H ( x, y, z ) z E ( x, y, z ) x e
d
The voltage of the top plate with respect to the bottom plate
d
V E y dy V0e jkz
y 0

The total current on the top plate

w w wwV0 jkz
I J s zdx
( y H ) zdx
H x dx e
x 0 x 0 x 0 d
V d
Z0
I w
1
vp

 TM Modes
Hz = 0, Ez satisfies (3.25) with / x 0
2 2
2 kc ez ( x, y) 0
y
ez ( x, y) A sin kc y B cos kc y

B.C. ez ( x, y) 0 at y 0, d
B 0 and kc d n

k 2 kc2 k 2 (n / d )2
n y n y j z
ez ( x, y ) An sin , Ez ( x, y, z ) An sin e
d d
 j n y j z j n y j z
Hx An cos e , Ey An cos e ,
kc d kc d
Ex H y 0

TM0 mode = TEM mode

The cutoff frequency fc
kc n
fc
2 2d
TM1 mode is the lowest TM mode with a cutoff frequency
1
fc
2d
 At frequencies below the cutoff frequency of a given
mode, the propagation constant is purely imaginary, c
orresponding to a rapid exponential decay of the field
s. cutoff or evanescent modes.
TMn mode propagation is analogous to a high-pass fil
ter response.
The wave impedance
Ey
ZTM
H x k
pure real for f > fc, pure imaginary for f < fc.
The guide wavelength is defined 2
the distance between equiphase g

planes along the z-axis.
 g > = 2/k, the wavelength of a plane wave in the
material.
The phase velocity and guide wavelength are defined
only for a propagation mode, for which is real.
A cutoff wavelength for the TMn mode may be define
d as 2d
c
n
Poynting vector
1 w d 1 w d
Po Re E H zdydx
Re E y H x dydx
2 x 0 y 0 2 x 0 y 0

w Re( ) d
2 n y
2
| An | cos
2
dy
2 kc y 0 d
 w Re( ) d
2
| An |2
for n 0
4 kc

w Re( ) d | A |2 for n 0
2kc2
n

Consider the dominant TM1 mode, which has a propagation

constant,

1 k / d ,
2 2

y
Ez A1 sin
d
e j z

2j
e
A1 j[ y / d 1z ] j[ y / d 1z ]
e
2 plane waves traveling obliquely in the y, +z and +y, +z
directions.

2
k sin , k cos 1 1
2
k 2
d
d
f fc: 1 0: 2 plane waves up and down, no real power
flow.

Bouncing plane wave interpretation of the TM1 parallel plate

waveguide mode.
 Conductor loss can be treated using the perturbation
method. Pl
c
2 Po
where Po: the power flow down the guide in the absen
ce of conductor loss given by (3.54), Pl: the power dis
sipated per unit length in the 2 lossy conductors

s
R w 2
Rs w
2 2
Pl 2 | J s | dx | An |2

2 2
x 0 kc
2 Rs 2kRs
c for n 0
d d
Rs
for n 0
d
TE Modes
Ez = 0, Hz satisfies (3.21) with / x 0
2 2
2 kc hz ( x, y) 0
y
hz ( x, y) A sin kc y B cos kc y

B.C. ex ( x, y) 0 at y 0, d
A 0 and kc d n
j
E x ( x, y , z ) [ A cos kc y B sin kc y ]e j z ,
kc
n y j z
H z ( x, y ) Bn cos e
d
 j n y j z j n y j z
Ex Bn sin e ,Hy Bn sin e ,
kc d kc d
Ey H x 0

The cutoff frequency fc

kc n
fc
2 2d
The wave impedance

Ex
ZTE
Hy k
 1 w d 1 w d
Po Re E H zdydx
Re Ex H ydydx
2 x 0 y 0 2 x 0 y 0

w Re( )
2
| Bn |2
for n 0
4 kc

If n = 0, Ex = Hy = 0, P0 = 0 no TE0 mode.

2kc2 Rs 2kc2 Rs
c
d k d
 Rectangular Waveguide
TE Modes
Ez = 0
Hz must satisfy the reduced wave equation (3.21)
2 2 2
2 2 kc hz ( x, y ) 0
x y

Can be solved by separation of variables

hz ( x, y) X ( x)Y ( y)

1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
2
kc 0
2

X dx Y dy
30
 From B.C , D = 0, and ky = n/b, B = 0 , and kx = m/
a
m x n y j z
H z ( x, y, z ) Amn cos cos e
a b
The transverse field components of TEmn mode
j n m x n y j z
Ex 2
Amn cos sin e ,
kc b a b
j m m x n y j z
Ey 2
Amn sin cos e ,
kc a a b
j m m x n y j z
H x 2 Amn sin cos e ,
kc a a b
j n m x n y j z
H y 2 Amn cos sin e .
kc b a b 31
 m n
2 2

k k k
2

2
c
2 is real when
a b

m n
2 2

k kc
a b

m n
2 2
kc 1
fcmn
2 2 a b
The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is called the
dominant mode;
1
f c10
2a

32
 For f < fc, all field components will decay exponential
ly cutoff or evanescent modes
If more than one mode is propagating, the waveguide
is overmoded.
The wave impedance
Ex E y k
ZTE
Hy Hx
The guide wavelength (: the wavelength of a plane
wave in the filling medium)
2 2
g v p 1/
k k

33
 For the TE10 mode
x j z
H z A10 cos e ,
a
j a x j z
Ey A10 sin e ,
a
j a x j z
Hx A10 sin e ,
a
Ex Ez H y 0.

kc / a, k 2 ( / a) 2

34
 The power flow down the guide for the TE10 mode:
1 a b 1 a b
Po Re E H zdydx
Re E y H xdydx
2 x 0 y 0 2 x 0 y 0

a 2 Re( ) | A10 |2 a b 2 x

2 2
x 0 y 0
sin
a
dydx

a 3b Re( ) | A10 |2

4 2
Attenuation can occur because of dielectric loss or co
nductor loss.
Rs
Pl
2
| J s | dl
2 C

35
 There are surface currents on all 4 walls.
The surface current on the x = 0 wall is
10e j z
J s n H x 0 x z H z x 0 y H z x 0 yA
The surface current on the y = 0 wall is
J s n H
y x H x y 0 z H z y 0
y 0
j a x j z x
z A10 sin e xA
10 cos e j z
a a
b a
Pl Rs | J sy | dy Rs
2
| J sx |2 | J sz |2 dx
y 0 x 0

a a
2 3
Rs A10 b
2
2
2 2

36
 The attenuation due to conductor loss for TE10 mode
Pl 2 2 Rs a 2 a3
c b 2
2 P10 a b
3
2 2
Rs
3 (2b 2 a 3k 2 ) Np / m
a b k

37