university of Kufa College of engineering

structures and water resources department

2nd class.
sub.: strength of materials :
2- :
Aim of the lecture:
To understand the strength of materials concept-
part2
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
subject which concerned with the behaviour and calculations of
the response of the bodies subjected to external loads.
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
The mass of an object is defined from its acceleration when a
force is applied, i.e. from the equation F = Ma, not from
gravity.
Gravity is normally the largest force acting on a structure. The
gravitational force on a mass M is:
F = Mg
where g = 9.81 m/ s 2
The gravitational force on an object is called its weight. Thus
an object will have a weight of 9.81N per kg of mass
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Types of strength
In engineering the term strength is always defined and is
probably one of the following
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Shear strength
depending on the type of loading.
 Forces

This cylinder
This cylinder is in
is in Tension compression Compression,
tension,
bending and
shear
Flexural (bending)
stress
Shear
Stress
Tension and Compression
Structures lab
Testing for strength
Applying Loads
Stress
This is a measure of the internal resistance in a material
to an externally applied load. For direct compressive or
tensile loading the stress is designated and is
defined as:

load W
stress =
area A
Types of stress
Tensile load
Compressive
load

Compressive Tensile
stress Stress

Compressive
load Tensile load
Measuring:
Stress = Load/area
Shear Stress
Similarly in shear the shear stress is a measure of
the internal resistance of a material to an externally
applied shear load. The shear stress is defined as:

load W
shear stress =
area resisting shear A
Shear stress
Area resisting
shear

Shear Force

Shear force
Ultimate Strength
The strength of a material is a measure of the stress
that it can take when in use. The ultimate strength
is the measured stress at failure but this is not
normally used for design because safety factors are
required. The normal way to define a safety factor is :

stress at failure Ultimate stress

safety factor =
stress when loaded Permissible stress
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Strain
We must also define strain. In engineering this is
not a measure of force but is a measure of the
deformation produced by the influence of stress.
For tensile and compressive loads:
increase in length x
strain =
original length L
Strain is dimensionless, i.e. it is not measured in
metres, killogrammes etc.
shear displacement x
shear strain
width L
For shear loads the strain is defined as the angle
This is measured in radians
Shear stress and strain
Area resisting
shear
Shear displacement (x)

Shear Force

L Shear strain is angle

Shear force
 Units of stress and strain
The basic unit for Force and Load is the Newton (N)
which is equivalent to kg m/s2. One kilogramme (kg)
weight is equal to 9.81 N.
In industry the units of stress are normally Newtons
per square millimetre (N/mm2) but this is not a base
unit for calculations.
The MKS unit for pressure is the Pascal. 1 Pascal = 1
Newton per square metre
Pressure and Stress have the same units 1 MPa = 1
N/mm2
Strain has no dimensions. It is expressed as a
percentage or in microstrain (s).
A strain of 1 s is an extension of one part per million.
A strain of 0.2% is equal to 2000 s
Measuring: Strain = extension/length
 Elastic and Plastic deformation

Stress Stress

Strain Strain
Permanent
Deformation

Elastic deformation Plastic deformation

Stress-Strain curve for steel
Yield
Plastic

0.2%
proof Failure
stress

Stress Elastic

0.2% Strain
Steel Test in Laboratory
High Tensile Steel

40000

30000
Load N

20000

10000

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Extension m m (extensom eter)
Energy absorbed

Stress
(force)
Area = average stress

final strain
= Energy absorbed
= work done

Strain (distance)
Final strain
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Modulus of Elasticity
If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be used to
define
Stress W L
Youngs M odulus E = =
Strain x A
Young's modulus is also called the modulus of
elasticity or stiffness and is a measure of how much
strain occurs due to a given stress. Because strain is
dimensionless Young's modulus has the units of
stress or pressure
Measuring modulus of elasticity
Initial Tangent and Secant Modulus
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Flexural Strength
Load W

d=depth
Compression region

Tension region b=breadth

Span L
deflection x
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
 Fatigue

Failure

Stress

Strain
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Poissons Ratio
This is a measure of the amount by which a solid
"spreads out sideways" under the action of a load
from above. It is defined as:
(lateral strain) / (vertical strain)
and is dimensionless.
Note that a material like timber which has a "grain
direction" will have a number of different Poisson's
ratios corresponding to loading and deformation
in different directions.
How to calculate deflection if the proof stress is applied and then
partially removed.
If a sample is loaded up to the 0.2% proof stress and then unloaded to a stress s
the strain x = 0.2% + s/E where E is the Youngs modulus

Yield
Plastic

0.2% proof stress

Failure

s
Stress

0.2% Strain

0.002 s/E
Conclusion:
When the loads (forces) applied at any body their were
resistance to theses force called strength of the body material
(stress) and their were a deformation happened due to these
loads called (strain) , the both subject are explained in our
lecture with their types, examples, and calculations.
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep
Now we are waiting your questions , notes ,
misunderstanding , and opinions about the subject or its
applications in different fields especially most engineering
analysis and design depend on our current subject, also in
next lecture we take more mathematical examples to
explain the concepts and applications.
 : references
1- R.C. Hibbeler Mechanics of materials
8th edition , 2011
2- F. L. Singer strength of materials 10th
edition , 2008
3- Pete Claisse lectures in strength of
materials concepts 2010
-4
1992