The Transmission of Electric Energy

ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis

01 July 2017

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Introduction (1)

Transmission and Distribution

Advantages of interconnected systems
Better reliability
Smaller frequency deviations
Better overall system efficiency
Facilitates power exchange
Disadvantages of interconnected systems
Limitations to interconnection transport capacity
Power losses because of energy exchange
Unwanted parallel power flows
More complex system operation

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (2)
Rated voltage for AC power system

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (3)
Voltage levels in the Dutch Power System

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (4)
The Dutch High-Voltage Network

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Network Structures

Radial structure Loop structure Multi-loop structure

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (1)
Open-air substation

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (2)
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers and Pantograph
Disconnector

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (3)
SF6-insulated substation

Courtesy of Eaton Holec

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Substations (4)
Bus system

Single bus system

Double bus system

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer
The ideal transformer

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer Model (1)

Not ideal
Permeability is not infinity
Finite self inductance
Leakage flux
Winding losses (copper losses)
Core losses
Hysteresis
Eddy-current losses

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Transformer Model (2)

Copper losses
Leakage reactance

Iron losses (core) Magnetizing susceptance

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 1 Ploss / Pin

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (1)

Three single-phase transformers

Three phase transformer

Complex turns ratio 1 : a*ej

Amplitude
Phase shift: multiple of 30

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (2)
Single-phase equivalent

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Three-Phase Transformer (3)
Out of the tank

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Yy-4 Transformer

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Yd-11 Transformer

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Magnetization Current
The magnetization current contains a third harmonic

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (1)
380 kV River crossing

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (2)
The power carriers in the Dutch power system

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Overhead Transmission Lines (3)
150kV transmission line tower

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (1)

Material
Al
Cu

ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (2)

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission Line Conductors (3)
Advantages and disadvantages of bundled
conductors

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Galloping Lines

Counter measures

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Shield Wires

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transposition (1)

Unbalanced system

Solution: transposition

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transposition (2)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 High-Voltage Cable
6/10 kV cable 220/380 kV cable

Courtesy of Prysmian Cable Holding B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Transmission of Power
Poynting Vector: S = E x H

E H S S
H E
S
V E H S
S
E H
E H S S

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Conductor Modeling

L: H-field
C: E-field
R: Ohmic losses
G: Insulator and corona losses

L R

G C

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Line / Cable

Line, 150 kV
R = 0.125 /km
XL = 0.425 /km
C = 7.7 nF/km
Sth = 130 MVA

Cable, 150 kV
R = 0.12 /km
XL = 0.166 /km
C = 210 nF/km
Sth = 135 MVA

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 1 km Line / Cable

Line, 132 kV
R = 0.178
XL = j0.40
XC = -j350 k
I = 450 A

Cable, 400 kV
R = 9 m
L = 0.4 mH
C = 0.38 F
I = 1.9 kA

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Line Models
Short IS Z IR
(<80 km)
VS VR

Medium IS
Z
IR
(80 km..240 km)
VS Y/2 Y/2 VR

Long IS IR
(>240 km) /km
VS H/km VR
F/km

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Short Line
R+jX
IS IR

VS VR

Vs Vs jIrX
Vs jIrX
Ir
jIrX
Vr Ir Vr Vr IrR
IrR IrR
Ir

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Series-Compensation
Hydro-Quebec / 735 kV

Z = R + jX
= R + j (L - 1/C)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Long Line: Distributed Elements
I(x+x) zx I(x)

V(x+x) yx V(x)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Equivalent Circuits of Lines
Short IS Z IR

VS VR

Medium
IS Z IR

VS Y/2 Y/ VR
2

Long
IS Z' IR

VS Y'/ Y'/ VR
2 2

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105