Fifth EDITION Kay | Palen | Blumenthal What does this image tell us about galaxy evolution?"
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Clusters and Superclusters, Part 1 Large collections of galaxies are called clusters. Virgo cluster has many spirals. Coma cluster is dominated by elliptical and S0 galaxies. Clusters and groups bunch together to form superclusters. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Clusters and Superclusters, Part 2 Redshift surveys reveal the distribution of clusters and superclusters. They are often extended and filamentary, with voids in between. This is called large-scale structure. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Clusters, Superclusters, and Gravity Clusters and superclusters interact with each other gravitationally. The Local Group has a peculiar velocity due to pulls from the Great Attractor and the Shapley Supercluster. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Dark Matter Domination, Part 1
Dark matter dominates the mass of groups
and clusters. Hot (X-ray emitting) gas can be bound in clusters only due to dark matters added gravity. Revealed through gravitational lensing.
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Dark Matter Domination, Part 2 Gravitational lensing by galaxies and galaxy clusters produces bright arcs of deflected light. The greater the deflection, the greater the mass. Reveals the amount of dark matter.
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Gravity Formed Structure
Gravitational instabilities in the early
universe collapsed to form galaxies. Studies suggest hierarchical clustering: small objects formed first, then grouped together. Calculate structure formation with models. Models need: Amount of dark matter and dark energy. Size of original density variations. Complete list of all ingredients, including the use of the Lambda-CDM model.
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ParallelsGalaxy and Star Formation
Galaxy formation has many of the same
processes as star formation: Gravitational instability. Fragmentation. Compression, heating, and thermal support. Angular momentum and formation of disks. End product: centrally concentrated material with surrounding disk.
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Galaxies Form Because of Dark Matter, Part 1
Dark matter is required to form galaxies.
Recombination: density uniform to 1/100,000. Gravity cannot grow galaxies from such a poor starting point. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Galaxies Form Because of Dark Matter, Part 2
There is not enough normal matter to form
structures: Dark matter provides the seeds! Dark matter must be >30 more abundant 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Types of Dark Matter
Dark matter is characterized by its
average speed and its composition. Cold dark matter: Slow speeds compared to c. Candidates: unknown elementary particles, axion, photino. Hot dark matter: Moving rapidly. Likely contributor: neutrinos from Big Bang. Only cold dark matter works to form smaller-scale satellite galaxies. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Galaxies Form in Dark Matter Clumps, Part 1 Investigate models of formation with expansion. Dark matter clumps expansion is slowed by its gravity. Cannot lose energy to collapse fully. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Galaxies Form in Dark Matter Clumps, Part 2 Dark matter clumps gravity pulls in normal matter. Normal matter radiates light and cools, then falls to the center of the dark matter clump, since it can collapse more 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. The First Stars
First stars potentially formed in dark matter
minihalos, concentrating neutral hydrogen. Second stars would have formed from these, and could potentially be seen today. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. The First Galaxies, Part 1
First galaxies most likely formed from the
second stars or low-mass first stars. Need to be gravitationally bound. Shaped by radiation and the first stars heavier elements and black holes. Formed 400500 million years after Big Bang. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. The First Galaxies, Part 2
Highest-redshift (youngest) galaxies
appear in the infrared. Small, 20x smaller than the Milky Way, perhaps were ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. The First Galaxies, Part 3 Galaxies appear to have evolved hierarchically. Small protogalactic fragments merged into larger ones. Faint dwarf satellites of the Milky Way may be left over from this. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Young Galaxies and Mergers, Part 1 Six billion years ago, over half the galaxies were peculiar. Many fewer spirals. Young galaxies are messier.
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Young Galaxies and Mergers, Part 2 Supermassive black holes and galaxy bulges appear to have grown together. Hierarchical merging most likely triggered star formation, which peaked when the universe was 23 billion years old.
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Young Galaxies and Mergers, Part 3
Mergers are observed to happen often.
Elliptical galaxies can be made by mergers of spiral galaxies. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Galaxies First
Star formation must have occurred as an
ongoing process. Galaxies form early. Structures, voids, and filaments form later. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Simulations Reproduce Structure Simulations with only certain combinations of mass, CMB variations, types of dark matter, dark matter halos, and values for the dark energy produce structures like we observe in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).
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Future of the Universe
Based on our current ideas, the universe will
probably expand forever. In 1014 years, stars die out, leaving white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars. In 1039 years, normal matter will decay (if protons decay), leaving only black holes. In 10100 years, even the largest black holes will evaporate. This is the heat death of the universe.
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We Are the 4% Ordinary matter (that which concerns life) is only 4.6 percent of what makes up the universe. ~22 percent dark matter. ~74 percent dark energy. When galaxies were forming, the universe was dominated by matter and its gravitational effects. We currently exist in a universe dominated by dark energy.
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PROCESS OF SCIENCE
It may be embarrassing to note that 83% of
all matter is not understood, but we have to accept what nature tells us. 2016 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Check Your Understanding 23.1
Place the following types of galaxy collections in order
of increasing size: a) wall; b) cluster; c) group; d) supercluster.
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Check Your Understanding 23.2
The dominant factor in the formation of galaxies is the
distribution of ______ in the early universe.
a) ordinary matter; b) dark matter; c) energy; d) dark energy.
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Check Your Understanding 23.3
The first stars formed in the universe had ______
compared to the stars formed today:
a) more heavy elements and higher mass;
b) more heavy elements and lower mass; c) fewer heavy elements and higher mass; d) higher mass and longer lifetimes.
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Check Your Understanding 23.4
We expect the kinds of galaxies that we see at a
redshift of z = 4 to be:
a) much like what we see today;
b) smaller and much more irregular looking than today; c) far more numerous but with more spiral galaxies; d) larger versions of what we see today.
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Working It Out 23.1Mass of a Cluster of Galaxies
We can apply Newtons and Keplers laws to
calculate the mass of a galaxy cluster. Assume an orbital speed of 1,000 km/s, at a distance of 3 Mpc from the center.
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Working It Out 23.2Observing High-Redshift Objects
Neutral hydrogen in gas clouds absorbs light
at wavelengths shorter than 121.6 nm. A galaxys light output drops at this wavelength, which for nearby (z = 0) galaxies is in the ultraviolet. Galaxies at the highest redshifts are seen in the infrared, not the visible, due to this. z = 9:
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This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 23
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