TEN COMMANDMENTS OF

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

1. Thou shall learn about this poisonous gas called H2S,

sour gas, stink damp, etc. (It is very poisonous!) that thy days
in this land may be long enough for thee to collect thy Social
Security.

2. Thou shall know that H2S temporarily destroys the

sense of smell after the first whiff or three, so that thee may
no longer smell the gas and may falsely think that the gas
has blown away, when in fact it may not have done anything
of the sort. Thou shall know in thy heart that H2S is a
product of putrefaction (how do thee think it got that odor
of rotten eggs?
3. Thou shall realize that the maximum H2S thou should
breathe in an eight-hour period is 10 ppm (10 parts of H2S to
1,000,000 parts of air equals 10 ppm; this is an 0.001%
concentration of the gas)

4. Thou shall always remember that lower concentrations

of H2S produces irritation to the eyes, throat and respiratory
tract, and may produce coughing, eye burning, and/or
sleepiness.

5. Thou shall never forget that concentrations of H2S

over about 500 ppm (0.05%) may well knock thee out and
cause thee to fall with a thud from thy perch, perhaps busting
thy butt or breaking thy neck, or drowning thee in water or
oil.
6. Thou shall come to know in thy heart that H2S
concentrations over 600 ppm (0.06%) likely will gather
thee to thy ancestorsPDQ!

7. Thou shall covet for thy own use the best approved
air mask and personal monitor for H2S when thy work
requires that thee enter an area where the concentrations
IS or MAY BE above safe levels.

8. Thy mind shall come to know that H2S is colorless

so that the eye cannot perceive it, and that it is heavier
than air so that it settles in low places.
9. Remove thy neighbor (or co-worker) to fresh air at
once if he should fall victim to H2S. Remember to exercise
due caution in the rescue lest thee, too, fall to the smelly gas.
Render rescue breathing unto thy fallen neighbor if he be
unconscious and not breathing, that the breath of life may
be sustained in him. Get the fallen one to a physician with
great haste.

10. Demand not that thy God protect thee from thy
foolishness when thou tread where angels fear to go, for thy
God gave thee a brain and expects thee to use it!

KNOW THOU ABOUT HYDROGEN SULFIDE GAS

6. Thou shall come to know in thy heart that H2S
concentrations over 600 ppm (0.06%) likely will gather
thee to thy ancestorsPDQ!

7. Thou shall covet for thy own use the best approved
air mask and personal monitor for H2S when thy work
requires that thee enter an area where the concentrations
IS or MAY BE above safe levels.

8. Thy mind shall come to know that H2S is colorless

so that the eye cannot perceive it, and that it is heavier
than air so that it settles in low places.
 OCCURRING NATURALLY
Oilfields - Drilling & Production
Mines
Volcanoes
Geothermal Exploration
 By-Product of Chemical Process
Catalyst for Chemical Reaction
Pulp Paper Industry
Asphalt Roofing Industry
Gold Ore Workers
Felt Makers
Miners
 Fishing Industry
Breweries
Tanneries
Slaughterhouses
Manure Processing
Municipal Sewers
 KEY DEFINITIONS

Oxygen Deficient - Atmosphere in which there is not enough

oxygen to sustain life. Normal atmosphere contains 20.8%
oxygen. An oxygen deficient atmosphere contains less than
19.5% oxygen.

Oxygen Enriched - Atmosphere containing more than

23.5% oxygen.

Flammable Vapors - Any material in a gas form that will

explode when mixed with enough oxygen and exposed to a
source of ignition.
Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) - Largest concentration of gas
or vapor in air which can catch fire or explode when exposed to
a source of ignition.

Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) - The smallest

concentration of gas or vapor in air which can catch fire or
explode when exposed to a source of ignition.

LEL / UEL - The flammable range will vary from gas to

gas; therefore it is important to know which gas you are
testing for.
Flash Point - The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives
off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air and
produce a flame when a source of ignition is present.

Vapor Pressure - The pressure exerted by a volatile liquid

at a specified temperature.

Vapor Density - The weight of a vapor or gas compared to

the weight of an equal volume of air. Materials lighter than
air have vapor densities less than 1.0 (acetylene, methane,
hydrogen). Materials heavier than air (propane, hydrogen
sulfide, ethane, chlorine) have vapor densities greater than
1.0. Lighter vapors and gases will tend to rise while heavier
vapors are likely to concentrate in low places.
Inert Gas - Gas or mixture of gases which contains only
trace amounts of oxygen. Nitrogen is considered to be an
inert gas.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - A term used by the
ACGIH to express the airborne concentration of a
material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day
after day, without adverse affects. The TLV may be
expressed as a TWA (Time Weighted Average). This
allows for the concentration to go up and down over the
course of the work day as long as the average exposure
does not exceed the TLV or PEL for the material.
Threshold Limit Value / Ceiling (TLV/C) - The
maximum concentration that should not be exceeded,
even instantaneously, without proper protective
equipment.
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) - Refers to exposures to a
higher concentration than the TLV or PEL with limits placed on
the time you can be exposed. STEL exposures are limited to 15
minutes followed by one (1) hour in fresh air. This cycle can be
repeated four (4) times during a normal eight (8) hour work day.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - The legally enforceable

level as established by OSHA and is normally expressed in
parts per million (PPM). The PEL is defined as the
concentration that a worker may be exposed to for eight (8)
hours a day, five (5) days a week for 30 years with no ill
effects.
 TRACE CONCENTRATION UNITS

UNIT 1 PART PER MILLION

Length 1 Inch / 16 Miles

Time 1 Minute / 2 Years
Money 1 Cent / $10,000
Weight 1 Ounce / 31 Tons Potato Chips
Volume 1 Drop Vermouth / 80 Fifths Gin
Area 1 ft2 / 23 Acres
Action 1 Bogey / 3,500 Golf Tournaments
Quality 1 Bad Apple / 2,000 Barrels
 TOXICITY OF VARIOUS GASES

Common Name Chemical Vapor TLV LC

Formula Density
Carbon Dioxide CO2 1.52 5000 PPM 10%
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 2.21 2 PPM 0.01%
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1.189 10 PPM 600PPM
Methane CH4 0.55 9%
Hydrogen Cyanide HCN 0.94 10 PPM 300PPM
Carbon Monoxide CO 0.97 50 PPM 0.01%
 TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE

H2 S Per Cent 0-2 0 - 15 15 - 30 30 Minutes 1-4 4-8 8 - 48

(PPM) Minutes Minutes Minutes to 1 Hour Hours Hours Hours
0.005 ( 50ppm) Mild
0.010 (100ppm) Conjunctivitis;
Respiratory Tract
Irritation

0.010 (100ppm) Coughing; Disturbed Throat Salivation & Increased Hemorrhage &
0.015 (150ppm) Irritation of Eyes; Respiration; Mucous Symptoms* Death *
Loss of Sense of Pain in Eyes; Discharge; Sharp
Smell Sleepiness Pain in Eyes;
Coughing

0.015 (150ppm) Loss of Sense of Throat & Eye Throat & Eye Difficult Serious Irritating Hemorrhage &
0.020 (200ppm) Smell Irritation Irritation Breathing; Blurred Effects Death *
Vision;
Light & Shy

0-025 (250ppm) Irritation of Eyes; Irritation of Eyes Painful Secretion Light & Shy; Hemorrhage &
0.035 (350ppm) Loss of Sense of of Tears; Nasal Catarrh; Death
Smell Weariness Pain in Eyes;
Difficult Breathing

0-035 (350ppm) Irritation of Eyes; Difficult Increased Irritation Dizziness Death *

Loss of Sense of Respiration of Eyes & Nasal Weakness;
Smell Coughing; Tract; Dull Pain Increased
Irritation of Eyes Head; Weariness; Irritation;
Light & Shy Death

0.050 (500ppm) Coughing Collapse Respiratory Serious Eye Severe Pain in

& Disturbances; Irritation; Eyes and Head
Unconsciousness Irritation of Eyes; Palpitation of Dizziness;
Collapse Heart; Few Cases Trembling of
of Death* Extremities;
Great Weakness
& Death *

0.060 (600ppm) Collapse * Collapse *

0.070 (700ppm) Unconsciousness Unconsciousness
0.080 (800ppm) Death * Death *
0.100(1000ppm)
1.150(1500ppm)

* Data secured from experiments of dogs w hich have susceptibility similar to men/w omen. * * PPM parts per million
 HAZARDS & CHARACTERISTICS
The principle hazard is death by inhalation. When the
amount of gas absorbed into the blood stream exceeds that
which is readily oxidized, systemic poisoning results, with a
general action on the nervous system. Labored respiration
occurs shortly and respiratory paralysis will follow
immediately at higher concentrations.

Death will occur from asphyxiation unless the exposed

person is immediately removed to fresh air and breathing
stimulated by rescue breathing. Other levels of exposure
may cause the following symptoms individually or in
combination:
HeadacheDizzinessExcitementNauseaCoughing
DrowsinessDryness and pain in nose, throat and chest
Detection of H2S solely by smell is highly
dangerous as the sense of smell is quickly
paralyzed by the gas.

1. Extremely toxic, ranking second to Hydrogen Cyanide

(HCN) and five (5) to six (6) times more toxic than Carbon
Monoxide (CO)

2. Colorless gas in its pure state

3. Offensive odor, often described

as that of rotten eggs
4. Heavier than air - Vapor Density 1.189 (Air = 1.0) Vapors
may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and
flashback.
5. Forms an explosive mixture with air in concentrations
between 4.3% (LEL/LFL) and 46% (UEL/UFL) by volume
6. Auto-ignition temperature of 500o F; Cigarette burns at
1,400o F
7. Burns with a blue flame and produces Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2), which is less toxic than H2S, but highly irritating to
eyes and lungs and can cause serious injury. Chemical
pneumonia (pulmonary edema) can develop in only a few
hours.
8. Soluble in both water and liquid hydrocarbons. H2S
dissolves in water forming a weak hydrosulfurous acid.
9. Produces irritation to eyes,
throat, and respiratory system

10. Threshold Limit Value / Time Weighted Average

(TLV/TWA - ACGIH) maximum of eight (8) hour exposure
without respiratory protection - 10 PPM
11. Permissible Exposure Limit / Time Weighted Average
(PEL/TWA - OSHA) maximum of eight (8) hour exposure
without respiratory protection - 20 PPM (Note: OSHA is
enforcing 10 PPM under the 5(a)1 General Duty Clause)
12. Short Term Exposure Level (STEL) - 15 PPM for 15
minutes; maximum four (4) times in an eight (8) hour day;
excursions at least one (1) hour apart
13. Heat generated by burning H2S: 680 BTU/ft3/hr
14. H2S attacks most metals, especially in the presence of
water, forming sulfides which are generally insoluble
precipitates. Acidizing, or lowering the pH of this liquid
below about 8.1 (7.0 is neutral), tends to permit the gas to
evolve from the liquid.
15. Corrosive to plastics, elastomers, animal tissues and
nerves.
16. Causes hydrogen embrittlement or sulfide stress
cracking (SSC) in the harder metals. Maximum hardness for
metals exposed to H2S in 21-22 Rockwell(C) or 235 Brinnell.
17. In certain applications, can form a pyrophorric substance
called Iron Sulfide, or Iron Sponge. This substance will
auto-ignite when exposed to air.
 Confined Space Entry
Buddy System
Lockout / Tagout
Safe Work Permits (Hot Work, Barricading, etc.)
Tank Gauging
Emergency Standby & Rescue
IDLH 300 PPM or 100 PPM ?
 OUTLINE FOR DEVELOPING A
CONTINGENCY PLAN

A contingency plan is a written document that shall provide an

organized plan of action for alerting and protecting the public
within an area of exposure following the accidental release of a
potentially hazardous volume of H2S. This document must be
site-specific for the location and shall be available to all
personnel responsible for the implementation of the plan,
regardless of their location assignment.

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF H2S AND SO2

This section should contain the physical and chemical
properties of these two gases.
3. EMERGENCY CALL LIST
This section of the plan contains all the
anticipated telephone numbers and other
means of communications needed to
activate and support the contingency
effort.

4. INVENTORY OF PUBLIC IN AREA OF EXPOSURE

This is a list with means of communicating or contacting
all of the public expected to be within the area of
exposure.
 5. MAP OR PLOT OF AREA OF EXPOSURE
This is a detailed map of the areas showing:
(a) Location of Operation or System
(b) Radii of Exposure (ROE); 500 PPM and 100 PPM
(c) Topography and Vegetation
(d) Access and Escape Routes
(e) Public in Exposure Area

6. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT LIST

In this section is a listing of the
equipment possessed by each company
and their personnel, and the location and
existence of auxiliary equipment.
7. DETAIL OF THE SYSTEM
In this section there should be a diagram of the system
including sufficient detail to support the emergency effort.
8. DESCRIPTION OF THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM
This section should include a detailed description of all
emergency shut-downs, their locations and a means of
activation.
9. TRAINING SUMMARY
This section should indicate the degree to which the
operating personnel have been trained, an outline of the
training documentation, copies of training and drill
records.
10. PROGRAM FOR MAINTAINING THE CURRENT
APPLICABILITY OF THE PLAN
Includes the means and lines of responsibility for
maintenance of the plan in operating condition.
11. LEAK PREVENTION AND SURVEILANCE
Includes the procedure for testing emergency
equipment and other considerations such as corrosion
controls and periodic testing and inspections.
12. REMEDIAL ACTION
This section should address the following concerns:
(a) Alert and account for facility personnel
(b) Control present or potential discharge and
eliminate possible ignition sources
(c) Alert public and initiate evacuation operations as
needed
(d) Contact appropriate personnel
(e) Make recommendations to public officials
regarding blocking unauthorized access
(f) Make recommendations to public officials
regarding evacuating the public
(g) Notify as required, state and local regulatory
officials and the National Response Center
(h) Monitor ambient air to determine when its safe for
re-entry
 Nose
Lead Acetate Strips
Colormetric Tubes (Silica Gel)
Electronic Monitors - Fixed & Portable
Wet Chemistry - Tutweiler Method
Gas Chromatograph - GCMS
What You Dont Know CAN Kill You !
ROUTES OF ENTRY AND TARGET ORGANS

INJECTION: > Bloodstream

INGESTION: > Stomach, Gastrointestinal
Tract, Bloodstream, Liver
ABSORPTION: > Bloodstream
INHALATION: > Respiratory System,
Bloodstream
Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and irritant gas whose major effects are
exerted on the nervous system, the eyes and the respiratory tract. Other
target organs/body structures affected include the brain and olfactory
nerves.
Olfactory Nerves: Loss of sense of smell occurs within 3-5 minutes at
100 ppm
Brain: Headaches, nausea, dizziness, confusion, brain damage
Eyes: Irritation, tearing, inflammation, conjunctivitis, temporary loss of
vision
Respiratory Tract: Throat irritation, coughing, olfactory fatigue, pulmonary
edema, respiratory arrest
Nervous System: H2S in the bloodstream reduces the oxygen-carrying
capability of the blood which depresses the nervous system. Immediate collapse
from nervous system paralysis and respiratory arrest is usually followed within
5-10 minutes by cardiac failure.
 ACUTE vs.CHRONIC EXPOSURES

Acute: (Short Term) Generally defined as exposure

to high concentration for short duration; less
than 24 hours
Chronic: (Long Term) Generally defined as exposure
to low concentration for duration longer than 3
months
Olfactory Paralysis Excitement
Eye Irritation Coughing
Headaches Sneezing
Nausea Respiratory Irritation
Diarrhea Pulmonary Edema
Dizziness Respiratory Arrest
Confusion Brain Damage
Staggering Gait Photophobia
Cardiac Arrest
Eye Irritation
Corneal Blistering, Pitting, Opacity
Headaches
Nausea
Irritation of Respiratory Tract
Pulmonary Edema
Anorexia
Sleep Disturbances
VARIABLES AFFECTING THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY
OF H2S EXPOSURE

PRIMARY VARIABLES
Exposure Concentration
Exposure Frequency
Duration of Exposure
Individual Variables: > Body Mass
> Overall Physical Condition
> Age
> Smoker/Nonsmoker
> Personal Biochemistry
 MEDICAL EVALUATIONS
Required to determine whether or not respiratory
protection can be utilized effectively
 Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Airline Respirator
Escape Pack
 ADVANTAGES OF SCBAS

Excellent Protection In Positive Pressure Mode

Provides Good Mobility
Easily Carried from Job-to-Job
DISADVANTAGES OF SCBAS

Limited Air Supply

Weight of Air Supply
No Back-Up Air Supply in the Event of Unit
Failure
 ADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE
RESPIRATORS

Extended Working Time Due to Greater Air Supply

Egress Bottle for Escape PurposesMinimum 5
Minutes
Work Unit is Light in Weight
Ability to Adjust Air Pressure to Facepiece
DISADVANTAGES OF AIRLINE
RESPIRATORS
Range of Mobility is Limited to Maximum 300 Feet
Airline Hose Can Cause Tripping Hazard
Maximum of 6 Workers on 1 Cascade System; More
Has Greater Potential to Over-breathe the
system
 ADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-
ONLY UNITS

Relatively Inexpensive
Quick and Easy to Don
 DISADVANTAGES OF ESCAPE-
ONLY UNITS
Very Limited Supply of Air
Air Supply Not Sufficient to Perform A Rescue Attempt
Psychological Factors - Plastic Bag Over Head
 AirNot Oxygen (19-23% O2)
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Requires
Grade D
No Odor Permitted
 One 30-Minute Cylinder Contains 45 ft3
At Maximum Work: 4.6 ft3 Minute
30-Minute Pack Lasts Less Than 10 Minutes!!!
How to Get Rid of Your Stuff
Without Upsetting the Neighbors
 OVERVIEW

Big Picture - We have the stuff..

Now how are we going to get rid of
it?
What We Will Learn
a) Nothing
b) Less than nothing
c) Ill be sleeping and youll be learning
nothing
d) Horizontal and Vertical Transport, Wind
Conditions and Plume Behavior
Our Stuff or Effluent Must Be
Dispersed into the Atmosphere

Two Factors
- Horizontal Transport
- Vertical Transport
 Horizontal Transport

Depends on Wind Conditions

Concentration of Contaminants
Topography - affected by sea and
land breezes
Example - El Paso is a natural pocket surrounded by
hills and Houston an unnatural pocket surrounded by
spills
 Vertical Transport

Depends on the Rate of Change of the

Ambient Temperature with Altitude
- Isothermal - Temperature does not change with
elevation (Vertical Mixing)
- Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate - Decrease in Air
Temperature of 5.4o F / 1000 ft.
- Negative Lapse Rate - Increase in Air
Temperature with Altitude ( Vertical Mixing)
- Positive (Super Adiabatic) Lapse Rate - Decrease
in Air Temperature with Altitude ( Vertical Mixing)
 Inversions

Radiation (at night) - Earths

surface cools faster than the air
Subsidence - Occurs below 5,000
feet from cool air sinking in a high
pressure region
 Wind
Topographic Condition and Vegetation
Temperature of Gas vs Ambient Temperature
Humidity - Moisture Content of Gas
Gas Composition of Gas - Buoyancy of Gas
Leak Mechanics & Escape Rate
Plume Rise
 TOP TEN LIST OF HOW YOU CAN
TELL IF YOUR OSHA INSPECTION IS
GOING BAD...
No. 10 OSHA sets up temporary housing in
your parking lot
No. 9 The Compliance Officer mutters, This
is unbelievable! each time he enters a
different department
No. 8 OSHA calls in a professional film crew
to document conditions in the plant. A
reporter from 60 Minutes tags along.
No. 7 The Compliance Officer insists on wearing a
moon suit with a supplied-air respirator
and bullet-proof vest. Your employees work
in jeans, t-shirts and tennis shoes.
No. 6 The member of Congress you call for help
wont return your phone calls but does return
your campaign contribution.
No. 5 The Compliance Officer begins the opening
conference with You have the right to
remain silent....
No. 4 The Compliance Officer asks you a very
specific question about a report in your
filesbut you havent yet turned over any
files.
No. 3 The Compliance Officer knows each of
your employees by their first name
No. 2 The Compliance Officer is a former
employee that you fired
No. 1 Undersecretary of Labor John Henshaw
conducts the closing conference!!!
How do you know what youre supposed to be doingand
how do you know when youve got it done?

1. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) - 30CFR - Department

of the Interior and Minerals Management Service
(MMS). Primarily regulates offshore work
2. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Department of
the Interior and MMS; Controls some 30% of all lands
under lease
3. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
4. National Environmental Protection Act
5. Superfund Amendments Reauthorization
Act (SARA Title III)
6. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
7. Comprehensive Environmental Recovery
Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA)
8. Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)
9. Clean Air Act
10. Federal Land Leasing Act
11. Endangered Species Act
12. American Petroleum Institute (API) RP-55 & RP-49
13. Texas Railroad Commission (RRC) State Rule 36
14. New Mexico Rule 118
15. Oklahoma Rule 3-203.2
16. Mississippi Rule 66
17. Wyoming Rules & Regulations for Oil & Gas Well
Drilling
18. Occupational Safety & Health Administration
(OSHA) - 29CFR - Department of Labor. Regulates
the workforce and not the public
1904.2 - Log and Summary of Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
1910.20 - Employee Access to Medical Records
and Industrial Hygiene Records
1910.38 - Employee Emergency Plans and Fire
Prevention Plans
1910.119 - Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals
1910.120 - Hazardous Waste Operations
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
1910.120(a) - HAZWOPER with Cheese
(10 cents extra)
1910.132 - Personal Protective
Equipment
1910.134 - Respiratory Protection
 1910.146 - Permit-Required Confined Spaces
1910.147 - Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout /
Tagout)
1910.252 - Welding, Cutting & Brazing
1910.1200 - Hazard Communication Standard
1910.1000 Table Z - Toxic & Hazardous Substances
19. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Z-390.1-1995 (R2000) Accepted Practices for
Hydrogen Sulfide Training
20. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI Z-490.1-2001 Criteria for Accepted Safety,
Health, and Environmental Training
 Establish Accepted Industry Practices for H2S
Training
Establish Minimum Requirements for Site-Specific
H2S Training
Enhance Employee Safety in H2S Environments
 Minimum Informational Content of the Course
Recommended Exercises and Drills
Refresher Training Requirements
H2S Safety Instructor Qualifications
Properties and Characteristics of H2S
Sources of H2S and Areas of Potential
Exposure
 Typical Site-Specific Safe Work Practices
Detection Methods for H2S
Use and Care of Personal Protective Equipment
Rescue Techniques and First Aid
 Recommends H2S Instructors Complete An
Appropriate H2S Instructor Development
Course
Must Be Able To Demonstrate Proficiency In
Technical Aspects As Well As Training
Aspects
Training Credentials Or Certification From
Recognized Or Accredited Training Authority
Constitutes Qualification
Course Outline Must Conform to ANSI Z-390.1
 No Class May Be Abbreviated For Any Reason
Instructors Must Conduct A Minimum of Two
Classes Per Year
Recommends Attending Instructor Refresher Course
Every Three Years
 Must Demonstrate Performance-Based
Competency Through
Written Evaluation
Verbal Evaluation or
Practical Evaluation

3-Year Record Retention

Annual Retraining Required
 First Aid & Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Respiratory Protection Training & Questionnaire
Pre-Placement Medical Evaluation
SAR Quantitative Fit Testing
Confined Space Entry Training
Control of Hazardous Energy Training
Process Safety Management (PSM) Training
Other Related Safety Training Modules
TOXIC GASES FORMED
 The mind is a wonderful thing.
It starts working the minute youre
born and never stops until you get
up to speak in public.

- Roscoe Drummond -
 Determine In Training Is Needed
Identify Training Needs
Identify Goals and Objectives
Develop Learning Activities
Conduct The Training
Evaluate Program Effectiveness
Improve The Program
 New Employee
Transferred Employee
From Another Facility, Area or Job
Supervisors & Managers
Newly Promoted
With New Responsibilities
Refresher or Update Training
 Know Your Audience
Define Your Objectives
Develop Program For Specific Audience
Accomplish Your Objectives
Conduct The Program Professionally
Audit The Program Effectiveness
Schedule Retraining
 Objectives Must
Be Clear
Be Reasonably Accomplished
Describe Your Goal
Communicate What Is Expected of Attendees
Address The Why
Accomplish The Needs Of The Company And
The Individual
 Determine Knowledge Level
Interview Students
Evaluate Work Practices On The Job
Determine Strong and Weak Areas
Determine Trainee Capabilities
Training Record Review
Develop A Pretest
 What Is The Student Expected To Do As A Result
Of The Training?
Course Evaluation At The Conclusion Of Each
Class
Student Assessment of Instructor and Course
Content
Assessment of Student Comprehension
Supervisor Assessment of Knowledge
Transfer and Skills Integration On The Job
 Training Should Be Delivered In The Native Language
Avoid Use of Colloquialisms Or Local Expressions
Utilize Visually Oriented Training Materials
Be Cognizant Of And Recognize The Need For Orally
Administered Tests
 Help Students Relax
Help Students Get To Know One Another
Get Students Involved Right Away
Provide Important Information
Give An Overview Of The Course
Make The Participants Want To Learn
T - Teach In Their World
A - Actively Involve Participants
B - Be Prepared To Vary Your Instruction Methods
A - Ask Participants To Present
S - Show An Acronym
C - Create Physical Movement
O - Open Class For Discussion
 One in eight adults read no better than the fourth-grade
level. That number reflects 12.5% of the U.S.
population.
One in five adults reads only at the fifth-grade level.
Thats 20% of the working population in the U.S.
You probably conduct all of your current safety training
at a minimum ninth- to twelfth-grade level. See
the problem??? Most newspapers are written at a
twelfth-grade reading level.
National Safety Council, Safety + Health, February 1997: How Much Safety Training
Do Employees Understand?; by Joseph R. Kelbus
The longer I live, the more I realize the impact of attitude on
life. Attitude, to me, is more important than facts. It is more
important than the past, than education, than money, than
circumstances, than failures, than successes, than what other
people think or say or do. It is more important than appearance,
giftedness or skill. It will make or break a companya
churcha home. The remarkable thing is we have a choice
every day regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day. We
cannot change our pastwe cannot change the fact that people
will act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The
only thing we can do is play on the one string that we have, and
that is our attitudeI am convinced that life is 10% what
happens to me and 90% how I react to it. And so it is with
youwe are in charge of our attitudes.
- Charles Swindoll -