Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Extemporaneous
Compounding
Learning Objectives
Mendefinisikan istilah extemporaneous
compounding, dan menerangkan situasi
umum di mana compounding adalah
diperlukan.
Mengenali dan menerangkan peralatan
yang digunakan untuk penimbangan,
pengukuran, dan compounding-farmasi.
Menggunakan teknik yang benar dalam
penimbangan bahan baku farmasi
Menggunakan teknik yang benar dalam
pencampuran cairan (volume)
Learning Objectives
Mendefinisikan istilah persentase dari kesalahan.
Menjelaskan metode yang umum digunakan untuk
pencampuran dan peracikan bahan farmasi.
Menjelaskan penggunaan geometris metode
pengenceran.
Menjelaskan proses yang dilakukan untuk sediaan
larutan (Solution), emulsi, suspensi, salep, krim, bedak,
suppositoriea, dan kapsul.
Kebutuhan dalam Extemporaneus
Compounding
Safety
Note!
Products compounded for veterinary use
cannot be used in humans.
Terms to Remember
extemporaneous compounding
good manufacturing practice (GMP)
EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING,
AND COMPOUNDING
Balances: Balance measurements using a
counterbalance are made using sets of
standardized pharmaceutical weights. An
electronic balance is easier to learn and use and is
more accurate than other types of balances.
Forceps and Spatulas: Forceps should be
used when picking up weights so that moisture
and oils are not transferred to the weights.
Spatulas are used in compounding tasks such as
preparing ointments and creams or loosening
material from the surfaces of a mortar and pestle.
EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING,
AND COMPOUNDING
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
2. Place weighing papers on the two pans of
the balance. These papers should be of exactly
the same size and weight. The edges of the
paper on the left-hand pan may be folded
upward, to hold the substance to be weighed.
Do not place any materials on the weighing
pans without using weighing papers.
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
4. Add the desired weight to the right-hand
pan, using forceps to transfer the weight from
the weight container.
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
5. Place an approximate amount of the
material to be weighed onto the left-hand pan,
using a spatula to transfer it.
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
6. Slowly release the beam using the unlocking
device at the front of the balance, and check
the balance.
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
7. If the amount of the substance being
weighed is too great or too small, lock the
balance again and use a spatula to add or
remove material (Figure 8.2a)
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
9. Once a nearly precise amount of material
has been transferred to the pan, a very small
adjustment upward can be made by placing a
small amount of material on the spatula,
holding the spatula over the left pan, and
lightly tapping the spatula with the forefinger
to knock a bit of the substance onto the pan.
This is done with the balance unlocked and
the balance beam free to move.
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
10. Lock the balance, close the lid, and then
unlock the balance to make a final
measurement. (At this point, have the
pharmacist check the measurement.) (Figure
8.2b)
Table 8.1
Weighing Pharmaceutical
Ingredients
11. Lock the balance before removing the
measured substance. Use transfer forceps to
remove the weights and return them to their
storage case.
Table 8.1
Terms to Remember
Class III prescription balance
counterbalance
spatulas
forceps
compounding slab
mortar and pestle
pipette
graduates
master formula sheet
TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING LIQUID
VOLUMES
Table 8.2
Measuring Liquid Volumes
Table 8.2
Measuring Liquid Volumes
Table 8.2
Measuring Liquid Volumes
Table 8.2
Measuring Liquid Volumes
Table 8.2
Measuring Liquid Volumes
Table 8.2
Compounding Issues
Safety
Note!
Use the smallest device that will hold the
required volume when measuring a liquid.
Compounding Issues
Safety
Note!
Always measure liquids on a solid, level
surface at eye level.
Terms to Remember
meniscus
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR
Safety
Note!
Always work within the acceptable
percentage of error range of your
equipment.
COMMINUTION AND BLENDING OF
DRUGS
Safety
Note!
Compounding should never be rushed.
Compounding Issues
Safety
Note!
Regardless of their apparent stability, all
suspensions should be dispensed with an
auxiliary label reading Shake Well.
Compounding Issues
Safety
Note!
The qs abbreviation means to add as much
as necessary to the specified amount.
JCAHO recommends using text words
rather than abbreviations to minimize a
medication error.
REFERENCE SOURCES FOR THE
COMPOUNDING PHARMACY
percentage of error
pipette
powder
pulverization
punch method
spatulas
spatulation
Discussion
Explain why using proper techniques
and weighing ingredients with
accuracy are important while
preparing special compounds in the
pharmacy.
Discussion
The art of compounding uses a whole different language,
and you have been asked to describe the following terms to
a pharmacy student who is visiting your pharmacy. Use
simple terms.
a. levigate f. tumbling
b. punch method g. solute
c. triturate h. solvent
d. spatulation i. geometric dilution
e. diluent j. comminution