INTRO TO CNC.

LINE DIAGRAM OF CNC

IMPORTANT G- CODES.
IMPORTANT M- CODES.
INTRODUCTON TO MILLING.
INTRODUCTION TO AUTO CAD.
 The term CNC is a generic term which can be used to describe many
types of device, this would include plotters, vinyl cutters, 3D printers,
milling machines and others. CNC stands for Computer Numerically
Controlled and basically means that the physical movements of the
machine are controlled by instructions, such as co-ordinate positions that
are generated using a computer.
The term CNC Machine is typically used to refer to a device which uses
a rotating cutting tool which moves in 3 or more axes (X, Y and Z) to cut-
out or carve parts in different types of materials. The information on these
pages will focus on what are typically referred to as CNC Routers
although it would be applicable to most CNC milling and engraving
machines too.
The image to the right shows a typical CNC setup with labels for some of
the key components and also an indicator showing the 3 axis of movement
(X, Y and Z) and their directions in relation to this particular machine.
This is just one example and it should be noted there are many other types,
sizes, ratios and configurations of CNC too.
 Group Code Function
01 G00 Rapid positioning
01 G01 Linear interpolation
01 G02 Circular interpolation clockwise (CW)
01 G03 Circular interpolation counterclockwise (CCW)
06 G20* Inch input (in.)
06 G21* Metric input (mm)
G24 Radius programming (**)
00 G28 Return to reference point
00 G29 Return from reference point
G32 Thread cutting (**)
07 G40 Cutter compensation cancel
07 G41 Cutter compensation left
07 G42 Cutter compensation right
08 G43 Tool length compensation positive (+) direction
08 G44 Tool length compensation minus (-) direction
08 G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G84 Canned turning cycle (**)
03 G90 Absolute programming
03 G91 Incremental programming
(*) - on some machines and controls, these may be G70 (inch) and
G71 (metric)
(**) - refers only to CNC lathes and turning centers.
 Code Function
M00 Program stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle start (forward CW)
M04 Spindle start (reverse CCW)
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Chuck - clamping (**)
M11 Chuck - unclamping (**)
M12 Tailstock spindle out (**)
M13 Tailstock spindle in (**)
M17 Toolpost rotation normal (**)
M18 Toolpost rotation reverse (**)
M30 End of tape and rewind
M98 Transfer to subprogram
M99 End of subprogram
(**) - refers only to CNC lathes and turning centers.
 1. CNC machines can be used continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
and only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance.
2. CNC machines are programmed with a design which can then be
manufactured hundreds or even thousands of times. Each manufactured
product will be exactly the same.
3. Less skilled/trained people can operate CNCs unlike manual lathes /
milling machines etc.. which need skilled engineers.
4. CNC machines can be updated by improving the software used to drive
the machines
1. CNC machines are more expensive than manually operated machines,
although costs are slowly coming down.
2. The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and skills, enough to
supervise several machines. In years gone by, engineers needed years of
training to operate centre lathes, milling machines and other manually
operated machines. This means many of the old skills are been lost.
3. Less workers are required to operate CNC machines compared to
manually operated machines. Investment in CNC machines can lead to
unemployment.
4. Many countries no longer teach pupils / students how to use manually
operated lathes / milling machines etc... Pupils / students no longer develop
the detailed skills required by engineers of the past. These include
mathematical and engineering skills.
 Milling Introduction
Types of Milling Machine
1Horizontal Milling Machine
2 Vertical Milling Machine
Cutting Tools
1 Cutting Tools for Horizontal Milling Machine
2 Cutting Tools for Vertical Milling Machine
 Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other
solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in
either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a
pre-existing design.
Milling is the cutting operation that removes metal by feeding the work
against a rotating, cutter having single or multiple cutting edges. Flat or
curved surfaces of many shapes can be machined by milling with good
finish and accuracy. A milling machine may also be used for drilling,
slotting, making a circular profile and gear cutting by having suitable
attachments.
 a. Column :The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gear box, the
clutches, the shafts, the pumps, and the shifting mechanisms for transmitting
power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed.
b. Knee :The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and
to provide an up or down motion along the Z axis.
c. Saddle :The saddle consists of two slide ways, one on the top and one at the
bottom located at 90 to each other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by
means of lead screws.
d. Table :The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X
axis. On top of the table are some T-slots for the mounting of work piece or
clamping fixtures.
e. Arbor :The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually,
the thread end of an arbor is of left hand helix.
f. Base: The base of the milling machine, along with the column, are the major
structural components. They hold, align, and support the rest of the machine.
 There are same parts for the both vertical and horizontal milling machines.
But , there is difference in position of working of milling machine.
There fore the additional parts of vertical milling machine are:
A . Milling head The milling head consisting the spindle, the motor, and
the feed control unit is mounted on a swivel base such that it can be set at
any angle to the table.
B . Ram The ram on which the milling head is attached can be positioned
forward and backward along the slideway on the top of the column.
 Cutting Tools for Horizontal Milling
A. SLAB MILL: For heavy cutting of large and flat surfaces.
B. SIDE AND FACE CUTTERS: This type of cutters has cutting
edges on the periphery and sides of the teeth for cutting
shoulders and slots.
c. SLITTING SAWS: For cutting deep slots or for parting off.
Cutting tools for Vertical Milling
A. END MILLS: Commonly used for facing, slotting and profile
milling.
B.ROUGH CUT END MILLS: For rapid metal removal.
C. SLOT DRILLS: For producing pockets without drilling a hole
before hand.
 AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design
In earlier releases, AutoCAD used primitive entities such as
lines
THIS SOFT WARE IS SUB DIVIDED IN TO TWO TYPES:
1:Parametric
A:Bi-directional
B:Uni-directional
2:Non-parametric
The main diffrence between parametric and non
parametricare:
In parametric we can change its dimension and sizeat any
point of time
In non-parametric if we designsome thing we cant change
its dimension and size
 :
BI-DIRECTIONAL ASSOCIATE:
After saving the file also we can change its dimension at any point of time
UNI-DIRECTIONAL ASSOCIATE:
If once we save the file we cant change its dimension at any point of time
 ANSI:American national standard institute
BSI :British standard institute
CSN :Chekaslovagian standard
DIN :Dutch institute of nurmong
GB :Russian standard
GOST:Chinese standard
ISO :International standard organization
BIS :Bureo indian standard
JIS :Japanese industrial standard