Time Averaging

Steven A. Jones
BIEN 501
Monday, April 14, 2008

Louisiana Tech University Slide 1

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaging

Major Learning Objectives:

1. Apply time averaging to the momentum
and energy transport equations.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 2

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaging

Minor Learning Objectives:

1. Define a time average.
2. State reasons for time averaging.
3. Demonstrate how linearity and nonlinearity affect time
averaging.
4. Demonstrate the main rules for time averaging.
5. Compare time averaging to linear filtering.
6. Time average the momentum equation.
7. Describe Reynolds stresses.
8. Time average the energy equation.
9. Describe turbulent energy flux.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 3

Ruston, LA 71272
 Definition of a Time Average
If we have a variable, such as velocity, we can define
the time average of that variable as:

t t
u t u d
1
t
t

What is t?
What is t?
How can u(t) be a function of time if it is time-averaged?

Louisiana Tech University Slide 4

Ruston, LA 71272
 Definition of a Time Average
Time averaging is a special case of a linear (low pass)
filter (moving average).

t t
u t W t u d
1
t
t

Where W(t) is a weighting window.

You should recognize this form as a convolution (or cross-
correlation) between the weighting function and the
variable of interest.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 5

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 What are t and t?
The definition is a moving average, and t is the time at
which the window is applied.
1.5

True Velocity
t
Time Averaged Velocity
In this
Hanning Window example, t
Velocity (cm/s)
1

is 10 msec.
0.5
0

0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (msec)

Louisiana Tech University Slide 6

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 Long Time/Short Time

When we talk about u(t), t is referred to as short time.

When we talk about u t , t is referred to as long time.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 7

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 Why Time Average?
1. We may be interested in changes that occur over
longer periods of time.
2. We may want to filter out noise in a signal.
3. Measurements are often filtered. All instruments have
some kind of time constant.

1. Examples:
Do weather patterns suggest global warming?
What is the overall flow rate from a piping system?
What is the average shear stress to which an
endothelial cell is subjected?
Louisiana Tech University Slide 8
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 Continuity and Linearity

The equation of continuity is: u 0
t
u 0

The time average is: u 0
t t

If density is constant: 0 u u
t
u 0
When an equation is linear, the time average for the
equation can be found simply by substituting the time
averaged variable for the time dependent variable. E.g.
incompressible continuity is u 0 and time-averaged
incompressible continuity is u 0.
Louisiana Tech University Slide 9
Ruston, LA 71272
 Consequences of Linearity
The time average of a derivative is the derivative of a
time average.

ut 1 t t ut 1 t t ut
dt ut dt
x t t x x t t x

The same result holds for time derivatives:

ut 1 t t u 1 t t ut
d u d
t t t t t t t t

Louisiana Tech University Slide 10

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaged Time Average
From linear systems, a signal filtered twice is different
from a signal filtered once, as can readily be seen from
the frequency domain.

P P H
2

P P H
4

But if the slow fluctuations are sufficiently separated in

frequency from the fast fluctuations, the average of the
average is approximately the same as the average.
In particular, for fluctuations in steady flow, the two
averages are the same.
Louisiana Tech University Slide 11
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 Sample Steady Flow Data

Disturbed
250
200
Velocity (cm/sec)

Turbulent
100 150
50

In each case,
what is the time
0

0 20 40 60 80 average?
Time (msec)

Louisiana Tech University Slide 12

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 Is This Flow Disturbed?

100

80 What is the correct

Velocity (cm/sec)

averaging time?
60

40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (sec)

Louisiana Tech University Slide 13

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 Choices

We need to determine what time frame we are interested.

The time frame is determined by the value of t.
1. How does the earths rotation affect temperature? (t ~
hours)
2. How does the earths tilt affect weather? (t ~ days)
3. How does the earths magnetic field affect weather? (t
~ years)

Louisiana Tech University Slide 14

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 Consequences of Nonlinearity
The time average of a product is not the product of time
averages.
1 t t
vxv y
t t
v x v y dt

We will often divide a variable into two components, one of

which is constant and one of which is time variant.

v x t v x v~x t

The time average becomes simply vx .

Louisiana Tech University Slide 15

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 Consequences of Nonlinearity
With v x t v x v~x t , since v x vx t v x v~x t v x v~x t
it follows that v x v x v~x t so v~x t 0 .
The time average of the product becomes:
vx v y vx vx t v y v y t dt
1 t t
t t
1 t t
vx v y vx t v y vx v y t vx t v y t dt
t t
vx v y vx t v y vx v y t v x t v y t

vx v y vx t v y t
Louisiana Tech University Slide 16
Ruston, LA 71272
 Additional Relationships
For functions f & g and constant, a :

f g f g,
af a f

Proofs :

1 t t 1 t t 1 t t
f g f g dt f dt g dt f g
t t t t t t
af
1 t t
t
1 t t
af dt a


f dt a f
t
t t

Louisiana Tech University Slide 17

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 Additional Relationships
For functions f & g and constant, a :
f f
Proof :

f
1 t t 1 t t 1 t t
f dt dt
t
f dt
t
t t
t t

...but f is a constant v alue, so the time average of a constant v alue

over the same period as the original integratio n is that same constant.. .
1 t t
f dt ... f 1
t t

Example :
1
1 12 1 1 1 1
1
0 t dt dt

dt
dt 0 1 dt


0
2
0 2
0 2 2

Louisiana Tech University Slide 18

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 Additional Relationships
For functions f & g and constant, a :
~
f 0
Proof :
~
From an earlier definition , f f f
~
f ff
~
ff
~
ff
Rearrangin g,
~
f f f 0
Louisiana Tech University Slide 19
Ruston, LA 71272
 Additional Relationships
For functions f & g and constant, a :
f f f
2
~
f f 0
~~
ff 0
Proofs :
f f f f f
2

f f f 0 0
~ ~
ff
~~
ff
~2
f 0
Louisiana Tech University Slide 20
Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaged Momentum
Consider the z1 Momentum Equation in the form.

v1 v1 v1 v1 P 2 v1 2 v1 2 v1
v1 v2 v3 2 2 2
t z1 z2 z3 z1 z1 z2 z3

Let be constant and let:

v1 v1 v1 ; v2 v2 v2 ; v3 v3 v3 ; P P P
Then:
v1 v1 v1 v1 v1 v1 v1
v1 v1 v2 v2 v3 v3
t z1 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3
P 2 v1 2 v1 2 v1
2 2 2
z1 z1 z2 z3

Louisiana Tech University Slide 21

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 Time Averaged Momentum
The equation
v1 v1 v~1 v1 v~1 v1 v~1
v1 v1
~ v2 v2
~ v3 v3
~
t z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z3 z3
P 2 v1 2 v1 2 v1
2 2 2
z1 z1 z 2 z3

Looks like the non time-averaged version, except for the

extra terms:

~ v~1 ~ v~1 ~ v~1

v1 v2 v3
z1 z2 z3

Louisiana Tech University Slide 22

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaged Momentum
Consider these terms, and apply the product rule for
differentiation (in reverse):
v~ ~ v~
v v
v~1 1 1 1 v~1 1
~
z 2 z1 z1
v~ v~ v~ v~
v~2 1
2 1
v~1 2
z 2 z 2 z 2
v~ v~ v~ v~
v~3 1
3 1
v~1 3
Then: z3 z3 z3

v~1 v~1 v~1

v1
~ v2
~ v3
~
z1 z 2 z3
v~1v~1 v~1 v~2 v~1 v~2 v~3v~1 v~3
v1
~ v1
~ v1
~
z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z 3 z3

Louisiana Tech University Slide 23

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 Time Averaged Momentum
Rearrange:
v~1v~1 v~1 v~2 v~1 v~2 v~3v~1 v~3
v1~ v1
~ v1
~
z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z3 z3
v~1v~1 v~2 v~1 v~3v~1 ~ v~1 v~2 v~3
v1 v1
~ v1
~
z1 z 2 z3 z1 z 2 z3

Then the term in parentheses is:

~
v ~
v ~
v ~ v~ v~
v
v~1 1
v~1 2
v~1 3
v~1 1 2 3 v~1 ~
v
z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3

Which is zero by continuity.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 24

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaged Momentum
Now take the time average:
v1 v v v
v1 1 v2 1 v3 1
t z1 z 2 z3
P 2 v1 2 v1 2 v1 v~1v~1 v~1v~2 v~1v~3
2 2 2
z1 z1 z 2 z3 z1 z 2 z3

To get:
v1 v1 v1 v1
v1 v2 v3
t z1 z 2 z3
P 2 v1 2 v1 2 v1 v~1v~1 v~1v~ 2 v~1v~3
2 2 2
z1 z1 z 2 z3 z1 z 2 z3

Louisiana Tech University Slide 25

Ruston, LA 71272
 Time Averaged Momentum
The terms:

v~1v~1

v~2 v~1

v~3v~1
z1 z 2 z3

Look like the divergence of a second order tensor

defined by: ~~ ~~ ~~ v1v1 v1v2 v1v3

R v~2 v~1 v~2 v~2 v~2 v~3
v~3v~1 v~ v~ v~3v~ 3
3 2

Consequently, it is customary to write the time averaged

momentum equations in the form:
v
v v P R
t
Louisiana Tech University Slide 26
Ruston, LA 71272
 Reynolds Stresses
Have the form of a stress tensor.
Act as true stresses on the mean flow.
Are referred to in the biomedical
engineering literature relating cell damage
and platelet activation to turbulence.
But are not the stresses directly imposed
on the cells. (Viscous shearing).

Louisiana Tech University Slide 27

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 Reynolds Stresses
If an eddy of fluid suddenly move through
the velocity field:
The fluid would tend to change the local
momentum.

Thus, the Reynolds Stress is not a shear

upon the fluid itself, only upon the velocity
field.
THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT DISTINCTION

Louisiana Tech University Slide 28

Ruston, LA 71272
 Reynolds Stresses
Cell Damage
Since cells such as Red Blood Cells (RBC),
monocytes, and platelets can be affected by
shearing, it is important to determine the
degree of shearing to which a cell is subjected
in a given flow geometry.
This is particularly important in regions of
turbulence such as downstream of a stenosed
valve or downstream of tight vascular
constrictions.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 29

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 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
If the rate of strain is given as follows:
1 v x v y
Time Averaged portion : S xy
2 x y
~
1 v~x v y
Fluctuatin g Portion : S xy
2 x y
Then we can write the energy extracted
from the mean flow and converted to
turbulent fluctuations due to strain rate as:
~ ~
vx v y S xy
Louisiana Tech University Slide 30
Ruston, LA 71272
 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
The energy which is extracted from the
turbulent kinetic energy and converted to
heat through viscous shearing is called
viscous dissipation and is designated by

xy 2 S xy S xy
where is the kinematic viscosity .

Louisiana Tech University Slide 31

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 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
Then in homogeneous steady flow such
that
1 ~ ~
v x vx vx 0
x 2


It follows that over the entire turbulent
region,
~ ~
vx v y S xy xy

Louisiana Tech University Slide 32

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 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
There are several mechanisms that can
damage blood cells. Two of these are
pressure fluctuations and shear stress.
Pressure fluctuations are generally more
important for larger particles since a net shear
on the particle requires a difference in
pressure along its length.
Shearing is a more likely mechanism for
damage in cells the size of RBC.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 33

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 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
~ ~
The Reynolds Stresses, x y, are often
v v
used as a measure of the stresses on the
individual cells.
Even though v~x v~y are called Reynolds
Shearing Stresses, they do not represent
the shearing stresses on individual cells.
Rather, they are the stresses on the mean
flow field, as stated before.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 34

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 Reynolds Stresses 2D Flow
It is, however, much easier to measure the
Reynolds Stresses than it is to measure
the viscous dissipation
Because the Reynolds Stresses occur over a
much larger scale than the viscous stresses.
Thus, we use this identity to estimate the
viscous dissipation, and thus total stresses on
the flow from the Reynolds Stresses.
~ ~ 1
vx v y S xy xy How would you measure the
Reynolds Stresses?
Louisiana Tech University Slide 35
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 Time Averaged Energy Equation

T
c T v q 0
t

T

c Tv q 0
t

c


T T~ ~
T T ~

v v q q~ 0
t

Louisiana Tech University Slide 36

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 Time Averaged Energy Equation

From: T
c

T T v v q 0
~ ~
t
The cross terms between time averaged and
fluctuating values again become zero.

So: T
c
t
~~

T v T v q

T
T v q c T v
~~
c
t
Louisiana Tech University Slide 37
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 Time Averaged Energy Equation
T
T v q c T v
~~
From: c
t
Apply the product rule:
(Incompressible)
T ~~
c T v v T q c T v
t q (t )
T
c
t


v T q cT v


~ ~ Same as in
book because:

~
Tv T T ~ ~~ ~~
v v T v T v So Tv T v T v
Louisiana Tech University Slide 38
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 Use of Turbulent Energy Flux
Solutions to the energy equation depend on
finding empirical and semi-theoretical relations
for the turbulent energy flux.
Turbulent energy flux will depend on
temperature gradient and the stress tensor.
Turbulence tends to transport energy,
momentum and mass through mixing. I.e.
turbulence carries things across mean
streamlines and distributes them more evenly.

Louisiana Tech University Slide 39

Ruston, LA 71272