Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(PERT/CPM)
Ritu MAlik
Over View
What is Project.
Objective
Basic Tools & Techniques
History
Basic Terminology
Display Techniques
Numerical problem
Time Estimates and Critical Path
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Project
A project is a set of jobs or tasks, all of
which must be finished to reach the
desired objective.
History
PERT was developed by the US Navy for the
planning and control of the Polaris missile
program and emphasis was to provide the tech.
for completing the program in the shortest
possible time. In addition PERT had the ability to
cope with uncertain activity completion times
(e.g. for a particular activity the most likely
completion time is 4 weeks but it could be
anywhere between 3 weeks and 8 weeks).
CPM was developed by Du Pont Company
along with Remington Rand Co-Operation
and emphasis was to provide a tech. for
control and maintenance of companys
chemical plants. In course of time ,use of CPM
got extended to the field of cost and resource
allocations. The two groups were unaware of
each others existence until about 1960.
History ctd
PERTs strengths are in its use of
probabilistic estimates of activity durations.
CPMs strengths are in its ability to do
time-cost trade-offs. Today, PERT/CPM
are widely recognized as comprising one set
of techniques the differences are primarily
viewed as only of historical importance.
Basic terminology
Activity: It represents project operations or
tasks to be conducted. It is represented by
an arrow( ), tail of which shows the
start and head shows the end of the
activity.
Types of activities event
Predecessor activity activity
Successor activity
Dummy activity dummy
Basic terminology
Event : The beginning and end
points of an activity are called
events or nodes. It is represented by
a circle .
Types of event
Merge event
Burst event
Display Techniques
There are many suitable techniques for
displaying the sequence of activities
involved in a project
Activity on arrow(AOA)
B must follow A A B
6
An Example to try (AOA):
Draw a network for the simple project of erection of steel works
for a shed. The various activities of the project are as under:
Activity Description Preceded by
A Erect site workshop _
B Fence site _
C Bend reinforcement A
D Dig foundation B
E Fabricate steel work A
F Install concrete pillars B
G Place reinforcement C,D
H Concrete foundation G,F
I Erect steel work E
J Paint steel work H,I
K Give finishing touch j
I J
E
A
C G
D
F
B
An Example to try (AON):
Draw a network for the following project .
A is the start event and k is the end event,
A precedes event B,
J is the successor event to F,
C and D are successor events to B,
D is the preceding event to G,
E and F occur after event C,
E precedes F,
C restraints the occurrence of G and G precedes
H,
H precedes J and K succeeds J,
F restraints the occurrence of H.
E
J K
C
F
A B H
D G
Network analysis
Introduction
Advantages Limitations
- Gantt charts are quite commonly used. - Do not clearly indicate details regarding
They provide an easy graphical the progress of activities
representation of when activities (might)
take place. - Do not give a clear indication of
interrelation ship between the separate
activities
CPM/PERT
ADVANTAGES:
Precedence relationships
large projects
more efficient
The Project Network
Difference between the latest time and the earliest time of an event
is the slack time for that event
Completion date?
On Schedule?
Within Budget?
Critical Activities?
How can the project be finished early at the least cost?
example
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and
its associated packaging.
The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project ?
For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only
immediate relationships, that is relationships involving activities
that "occur near to each other in time".
Before starting any of the above activity, the questions
asked would be
One answer could be, if we first do activity 1, then activity 2, then activity 3,
...., then activity 10, then activity 11 and the project would then take the sum
of the activity completion times, 30 weeks.
What is the minimum possible time in which we can complete this project ?
We shall see below how the network analysis diagram/picture we construct
helps us to answer this question.
CRITICAL PATH TAKES 24 WEEKS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT
Packages are available to determine the shortest path and
other relevant information.
Data entry window
Output of the package
Limitations to CPM/PERT