Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hypertension and
Cardiovascular Disease
Kasan Wongdjaja
SMF. Penyakit Dalam
RSU. Dr. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin
Hypertension
is The Most Important Preventable Cause
of Premature death
Lancet 2002;360:1347-60
Germany 6.6-13.1%
Greece 27%
England 21%
USA 25-29%
Korea 4,7%
Mexico 2,3%
France 16,1-18,5%
Indonesia 817%
PREVALENSI HIPERTENSI
Update in hypertension
Global mortality 2000: impact of hypertension
and other health risk factors
High blood pressure (BP)
Tobacco
High cholesterol
Underweight
Unsafe sex
High BMI
Physical inactivity
High-mortality, developing region
Alcohol Low-mortality, developing region
Indoor smoke from fuels Developed region
Iron deficiency
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Attributable mortality
(In thousands; total 55,861,000)
70
SBP > 140 mm Hg 65
60 64
DBP > 90 mm Hg
50 54
40 44
30
20 21
10 4 11
0
age (yrs) 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
CHF Reocclusion
Vasospasm
Thrombosis and coronary/cerebral
coagulopathies Hypertension
Diabetic Endothelial
Angiopathies dysfunction Reperfusion Injury
Myocardial Remodelling
ischaemia
Ventricular
CAD dilatation
STROKE
Atherosclerosis Congestive
LVH heart failure
Death
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
(Normal Hypertension) ( Cardiac Hypertrophy) ( Cardiac Dilation)
Dilated Image
Fibrosis
Enlarged myocardium
Heart Disease
in Hypertension
A Normal human heart of 350 g in weight from a 35 years old man male.
Prevention or to decrease
Myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Cerebro Vascular Desease
Aorta disease
Pheriperal Vascular disease
End Stage Renal Disease
Complication of Hypertension (1)
Hypertensive complication;
Accelerated malignant hypertension
Encephalopathy
Cerebral hemorrhage
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Congestive heart failure
Renal insufficiency
Aortic dissection
Complication of Hypertension (2)
Atherosclerotic complication;
Cerebral hemorrhage
Myocardial infarction
Coronary artery disease
Claudication syndromes
Control of Blood Pressure and
Antihypertensive Sites of Action
BP is controlled
via changes in
Sympathetic
Cardiac output Stimulation
Vasomotor tone
Plasma volume 1 3
Sympathetic Heart
Stimulation
> 65 years
USA: JNC VI. Arch Intern Med 1997 Marques-Vidal P et al. J Hum Hypertens 1997
Canada: Joffres et al. Am J Hypertens 1997
England: Colhoun et al. J Hypertens 1998
France: Chamontin et al. Am J Hypertens 1998 Adapted from G. Mancia / L. Ruilope
Hypertension
How to manage?
JNC BP Classification : DBP
130
125 Stage 4
Severe Severe Severe
120 Stage 3 Stage 2
Hyper-
tensive
115 Stage 3
100
Consider
Mild Mild Mild
therapy
95 Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 1
90
High High High High
Normal Normal Normal Normal Prehyper
85
tension
Normal Normal Normal Normal
80
Optimal Optimal Normal
200 Stage 3
Stage 3
190 Stage 2
ISH ISH
180
140
High High
No recommendations normal normal Prehyper
130 For SBP in JNC I tension
Or JNC II Normal Normal
120 Normal
110
Optimal Optimal Normal
Compliance
ASSESS THE RISK
Diabetes?
Chronic kidney disease?
Stroke?
High coronary disease risk?
Heart failure?
Post myocardial infarction?
NO YES
Treatment in the
Individualized
absence of specific
treatment
indication
TREAT TO TARGET
JNC VII: Classification of blood pressure
Stage 1
140-159 or 90-99
hypertension
Stage 2
>160 or >100
hypertension
GOAL
Healthy diet:
High in fresh fruits, vegetables and low fat
dairy products, low in saturated fat and salt
Cardilogy
Treatment Algorithm for Adults with Systolic-Diastolic
Hypertension without another compelling indication
Lifestyle modification
therapy
Long-acting Beta-
Thiazide ACE-I ARB
DHP-CCB blocker
Alpha-blocker
as initial
monotherapy
Individualizing therapy
Treating to target BP
Promoting adherence