Overview

What is population ?

A population is a group of individuals

who have the same characteristic.
 What is sampling?

Sampling is process by which we study a

small part of a population to make judgments
about the entire population.
 Why sampling is needed?

Lower cost

Greater speed of
data collection (time)

Greater accuracy

Large population
 Factors to consider
in sample design

Research objectives
Resources
Knowledge of target population
Need analysis
Degree of accuracy
Time frame
Research scope
 UNIT OF ANALYSIS

Who can supply the information?. Some

possibilities might be students, teachers,
parents, adults, some combination of these
individuals, or entire schools.

At this early stage in data collection, you

must decide at what level (e.g., individual,
family, school, school district) the data needs
to be gathered.

This level is referred to UNIT OF ANALYSIS.

 Two Basic
Sampling Methods

Probability samples ones in which

members of the population have a known
chance (probability) of being selected
into the sample.

Non probability samples Instances in

which the chances (probability) of selecting
members from the population into the
samples are unknown.
Type of sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling

All elements in the population are

considered and each has equal chance to
be selected.

Each possible sample of a given size (n)

has a known and equal probability of being
the sample actually selected.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling

1. High 1. Requires list of

generalizability of the population elements
findings 2. Time consuming
3. Uses larger sample
2. Easy to implement sizes
with random number
table.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Systematic Random Sampling

Sample chosen by selecting a random starting

point, then picking every k th element from the
sampling frame.

Explain how do you randomizing your sampling?

Use Microsoft Excel
Identify, list and number the elements in the population.
Identify the skip interval & random start, kth element
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Systematic Random Sampling

If there were 1,000 parents in the school

district, the administrator would select 200
(or 20%) for the study.

The administrator uses an interval of five

(200/1,000, or 1 out of 5) to select parents.

5,10,15,20,25,30 5th
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Systematic Random Sampling

1. Simple to design 1. Systematic

2. Easier than simple biases are possible
random if population
frame is available.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling

Population is divided into Sub Population

and subjects are selected randomly.

Homogeneity within group and

heterogeneity across groups.

Which part should screening first?

When do you use stratification?

 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling

Two step process population is

partitioned into sub population.
Elements are selected from each sub
population by a random procedure,
usually simple random sampling.
Should be as homogeneous as possible,
elements across sub should be
heterogeneous as possible.
Stratification variables closely related to
the characteristic of interest.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling

Example:

University students can be divided into:

Gender
Race
School
Department
Class level
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Random Sampling

1. Most efficient 1. Stratification

among all probability must be meaningful
designs 2. Time consuming
2. Increased statistical
efficiency
3. Provides data to
represent sub groups.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Custer Sampling

Divided into mutually exclusive clusters.

Random sample of clusters is selected,
based on probability sampling technique
Elements within cluster heterogeneous
Cluster themselves homogeneous
Ideally, each cluster should be a small scale
representation of the population.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Custer Sampling

Population is divided into clusters

Population element Possible clusters in

Malaysia
Malaysian adult population States
Districts
Housing area
Etc..
BASIS FOR STRATIFIED CLUSTER
COMPARISON SAMPLING SAMPLING
Randomly selected All the individuals are
Sample individuals are taken taken from randomly
from all the strata. selected clusters.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Area Sampling

Example of cluster

Applied to a population with well defined

political or geographic boundaries
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Multistage Sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Double Sampling

The same sample or a subset of the sample

is studied twice.

Example : a structured interview might

indicate that a subgroup of the respondents
has more insight into a problem in the
organization. Then these respondents might
be approached again with additional
questions.
How if the researcher select all the members
in the population as a sample?
Census refers to the quantitative research method, in
which all the members of the population are
enumerated. In the census, each and every unit of
population is researched.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Reason to use

Meet the sampling objectives

Lower cost

Limited time

Total list population is not available

NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

No need to generalize

Limited objectives

Cost

Time

Feasibility
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Referred to
current
sample Based on ease
elements of accessibility

Snowball Convenience
sampling sampling

Quota Judgmental
sampling sampling
Relevant
Select sample to
characteristics are
some criterion
used to segregate the
sample to improve
representativeness
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience sampling

Selected based on ease of accessibility

Normally - early stage of exploratory study
They happen to be in the right place at the
right time.
Researcher selects participants because
they are willing and available to be studied.

Examples people on the street

interviews, volunteers
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience sampling

Examples people on the street

interviews, volunteers
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Judgemental sampling

Population elements are selected based on

the judgment of the researcher, or those
to conform to some criterion of interest.
Useful when looking for info that only a few
experts can provide.
Also called purposive sampling
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Judgemental sampling

Examples: academic expertise, expert

witnesses used in court.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota sampling

Quota sampling relevant characteristics

are used to stratify the sample.
1st stage consists of developing
categories of population elements
2nd stage sample elements are selected
based on convenience or judgment

Examples : gender, religion, ethnicity etc

NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota sampling

2nd type of purposive sampling

The quota fixed for each groups
Non probability sampling
Can be considered as proportionate
stratified sampling

S = 30
60% - Blue collar 18 workers
40% - White collar 12 workers

Selected non - randomly

NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Snowball sampling

Initial group of respondents is selected,

usually at random.

After being interviewed, these respondents

are asked to identify others who belong to
the target of population of interest.
 Respondents are selected based on the
referrals.
The researcher asks participants to identify
others to become members of the sample.
 Sampling error

Sampling error any type of bias that is

attributable to mistakes in either drawing a
sample of determining the sample size
 SAMPLING ERROR

A general rule of thumb is to select as large a

sample as possible from the population.

The larger the sample, the less the potential

error is that the sample will be different from
the population.

This difference between the sample estimate

and the true population score is called
sampling error.
 SAMPLING ERROR

Sampling error increase, when sample size decrease

Non sampling error increase, when sample size increase.
For population, N = 52, what is the sample size?
(3.841)(52)(0.5)(0.5) / [0.05sqrt(51)] + (3.841)(0.5)(0.5)
49.93 / (0.13+ 0.96)
49.93/1.09 = 45.81 or 46 (pls refer to the table of Krejcie & Morgan)
 Additional notes

Berikut adalah antara faedah kepada

perancangan pensampelan yang rapi;

Memudahkan pengumpulan data

Mengurangkan ralat pengukuran
Menjimatkan masa
Menjimatkan kos
 Additional notes

Hubungan saiz sampel dan ralat

pensampelan

Semakin besar saiz sampel,

semakin kecil ralat
pensampelan. Jelaskan..
 Please get the info!

Sampling for qualitative research