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Intergraph Process, Power, & Marine
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TYPES OF LOADS
Primary Loads Force driven, cause
catastrophic failure.
Weight, Pressure, Point Loads, Uniform Loads,
Hanger Loads, Wind and Wave loads.
Secondary Loads Strain based, cause fatigue
failure.
Temperature, Displacements.
AVAILABLE LOAD TYPES IN CAESAR II
W (Weight), WNC (Weight No Contents)
WW (Water-filled Weight)
P (Pressure), HP (Hydrotest Pressure)
T (Temperature), D (Displacement)
H (Hanger Pre-loads), F (Concentrated Loads)
U (Uniform Loads)
Win (Wind), Wav (Wave and Current)
CS (Cut Short or Cut Long)
Available Stress Types in CAESAR II
OPE Operating
SUS Sustained
EXP Expansion
OCC Occasional
HYD Hydrotest
HGR Hanger Design
FAT - Fatigue
Load Case Definition
Operating case contains all loads in the
system.
L1 = W+P1+T1+H (OPE) this is called a basic load case
This is how the line is modeled in The thermal forces have closed
Caesar II. The gaps are equal on the gap on the right side.
both sides of the pipe. No loads are
yet applied.
Weight has caused the pipe to close Operating conditions have caused
the gap to the left. This can happen the pipe to close the gap to the
when the pipe pivots about a right, even against the weight force
different restraint. trying to hold it on the left.
Example 2 (cont)
If we subtract the displacements of the SUS
case from OPE we get:
Total Displacement for L1-L2 = 2 x Gap
In a linear system T1 (EXP) = L1 L2 (EXP)
In a nonlinear system this is not guaranteed.
This represents the effect of temperature in the
presence of other loads.
This is a displacement stress range, not starting
from the neutral position.
Occasional Load Cases
For most piping codes (not the offshore
codes):
Set up an OPE case that includes the occasional
load
Subtract the standard OPE case from the OPE that
includes the occasional load. We call this the
segregated occasional load case.
Add the above load case results to the SUS load
case results for the code stress check
Example 3: Occasional Load Cases
Assume we have a uniform load representing a
seismic load, U1.
L1 = W+P1+T1 (OPE) standard operating
L2 = W+P1 (SUS)
L3 = W+P1+T1+U1 (OPE) operating with occasional load
L4 = L1-L2 (EXP)
L5 = L3-L1 (OCC) segregated occasional
L6 = L2+L5 (OCC) * occasional code stress case
The algebraic difference between these two conditions will result in a positive
force on the restraint. This is an impossible condition. But the EXP code stress is
correctly computed for this condition.
What to report
Suppress the HGR cases and the segregated
occasional load cases.
Report displacement, force for all primitive
load cases.
Dont report stress for the operating load
cases.
This is not true for offshore codes, nor FRP codes,
nor buried pipe codes.
Report only stress for combination load cases.
Using the Hot Modulus of Elasticity
It is required to use the cold modulus of
elasticity for stress computation.
You can reduce restraint loads by use of the
hot modulus of elasticity.
Create identical OPE cases, one with hot
modulus for restraint loads, and one with cold
modulus for use in the combination with SUS
for determining EXP stress.
Using the Friction Multiplier
Friction Multiplier acts on the Mu value
entered on each restraint in the model.
Input 0.0 for no friction and 1.0 for full
friction.
Create identical load cases, but change the
value of Friction Multiplier on one of them.
Compare the results in the Restraint Summary
and report the worst-case results.