STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE

BRIDGES
 INTRODUCTION
A solution to urban flyovers
 Composite Action
Integral action of primary supporting steel
member and supported concrete deck, with or
without limited interface, to ensure greater
strength and stability.
Composite action is achieved by connecting
both materials by shear studs.
Contd..
Composite Bridges with Deck sheeting
Composite Bridges without Deck sheeting
 Existing Composite Bridges
Dunn Memorial Bridge
Location: Albany and Rensse
laer, New York
Design: Steel Girder
No.of lanes:8
Clearance:60f
 Existing Composite Bridges
Clover bar Bridge
Location: Edmonton,Cana
da
Design: Steel Girder
Under construction
 ADVANTAGES
Economical for spans of 20m to 30m
More efficient use of material
Greater vertical clearance by effecting
reduction in beam depth
Enhance stiffness, which in turn makes the
deck sustain greater vehicle loading
 DESIGN ASPECTS
As per pure bending theory,
Bending stress = Bending moment
Section Modulus
Composite Sections provide substantial
section modulus with minimum material.
 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
ELASTIC ANALYSIS
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
 Limit State Method of Design as per IRC 22-
2008
Service limit state
Fatigue limit state
Ultimate limit state
Load combinations as per IRC 6
 Design of girder
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
 Design of girder
Sectional classification of composite section

SECTION CLASSIFICATION
STEEL ELEMENTS IN Least favorable class
COMPRESSION
TOP FLANGE OF STEEL More favorable class
SECTION AFTER RC
CONCRETE
CONNECTION

STREES DISTRIBUTION CLASSIFICATION

PLASTIC STREES DISTRIBUTION CLASS 1 &2
ELASTIC STREES DISTRIBUTION CLASS 3 & 4
 Sectional classification of composite section
without concrete encasement
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Compression flange Class-1
restrained against
buckling(If shear
connectors provided)
Steel flanges and webs in As per Table -1 in IS 800
compression
Webs in class 3 and Class 2
flanges in class 1 or 2
 DECK
Classification of filler beam deck
 DESIGN FOR BENDING MOMENT
FOR LATERAL BUCKLING MOMENT
STAGE FLANGE TO BE CONSIDERED
CONSTRUCTION TOP FLANGE NEAR MID SPAN
CONSTRUCTION AND BOTTOM FLANGE NEAR
COMPOSITE SUPPORT
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH CORRESPONDING TO LATERAL
BUCKLING
The permissible stress is reduced for non-compact
sections
Fn = Rh * fy/m
Rh flange stress reduction factor
 Design against Vertical shear
(1) Plastic shear resistance
(2) Shear buckling resistance
(i) Simple post critical method
(ii) Tension field method
 Simple-Post critical method
Used for webs of I-section girders, with or without
intermediate transverse stiffener, provided that the web
has transverse stiffener at supports.
Simple-Post critical method
 Tension field Method-Post buckling strength used
for webs with intermediate transverse stiffeners
Tension field Method
Tension field Method
 Design against longitudinal shear

Shear Connectors
a. Tie the concrete slab to the steel beam in order to
transfer the horizontal shear between the slab and the
beam without slip.
b. To prevent the vertical separation of the slab from the
structural steel member at the inner face
Horizontal shear (Sh) = Vm/I
V-Vertical shear
M-statical moment of the transformed area
I M.O.I of transformed composite section
The Shearing Force Distribution Mechanism
 Types of shear Connectors
Flexible shear connectors-Resistance by
bending
Bond or anchorage connectors
Rigid shear connectors-Resistance by bearing
of concrete
 Flexible shear connectors
It resists shear forces by bending, tension or
shearing in the root, at the connection point of
steel beam, where they are subject to plastic
deformations when they reach the ultimate
strength values.
The manner of failure of flexible shear connector
is more ductile and is not prompt
Flexible shear connectors
 Types
Welded Steel Connectors
Stud head diameter of d+12 mm
stud height of 12 mm
steel of ultimate strength of 4600 kg/cm2, yield point of 3500 kg/cm2
and an elongation of 20 percent
a) If H/d < 4.2,
Q = 4.8Hd( )^1/2 kg
cu

b) If H/d >or = 4.2

Q = 19.6d2(cu)^1/2 kg
d = diameter of stud connector (cm)
cu = crushing strength of 150 mm concrete cube at 28 days
 Channel Flexible Connector
Steel connectors with minimum ultimate strength of
4200 to 5000 kg/cm2, yield point of 2300 kg/cm2
and an elongation of 21 percent
Q = 10.7(h+0.5t)(L/ (cu)^1/2)
h = maximum thickness of flange of channel
connector (cm).
t = thickness of web of channel shear connector (cm).
L = length of channel shear connector
Channel Flexible Connector
 Spiral Connectors
The spirals with pitch limits of 100 mm and 400
mm, shall extend at least half way into the slab
Q = 315(cu)^1/4
Q = safe shear resistance of one pitch of a spiral
bar in kg.
d = diameter of the round bar used in spiral
connectors in cm.
 Rigid shear connectors
Rigid connectors resist shear forces through
the front side by shearing, and they have
insignificant deformations in the proximity of
ultimate strength.
They produce stronger concentrated stress in
the surrounding concrete that results either in
failure of concrete or in failure of weld.
Tee Connectors
 For rigid connectors made up of tees or
channels
Q = fb.Ab
Fb-permissible bearing pressure on concrete
Ab-Area of transmitting face of the connector
Contd..
 Various shear connectors
HEADED STUDS
a. Resists horizontal
shear and vertical
uplif forces
 PERFOBOND RIBS
a. The flow of concrete
through the rib holes
formed dowels that
provide resistance in
both the vertical and
horizontal directions.
 T-RIB CONNECTOR
 OSCILLATING
PERFOBOND STRIPS
a. Use in lightweight
concrete, concrete
with fibers or high
strength concrete
 WAVEFORM STRIPS
a. The curved form is to
improve the transfer of
force between the
steel and the
surrounding concrete
as opposed to a
straight connector
 PYRAMIDAL SHEAR
CONNECTORS
Sufficient bending
strength and flexural
rigidity for loads during
and afer construction
 RECTANGULAR-SHAPED
COLLAR CONNECTORS
Guarantees better the
slipping action
transmission
 Design strength of shear connectors

Check for
a. Ultimate limit state

b. Fatigue limit state

Ultimate limit state
Fatigue limit state
 Pitch of connectors
The pitch of connectors
p = N.Q/F.Sh
N-No.of shear connectors in one row
Q-Capacity of one shear connector
Sh-Horizontal shear per unit length
F-F.O.S =2
Detailing of shear connector
Detailing of shear connector
Concrete connection of main girders
 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM
Step-1.Selecting Preliminary dimensions of the
steel beam
Step-2.Computing stresses using Moment of
Inertia Method
 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM
Loading conditions
(i) Live load and dead load including creep on
composite beam
(ii) Dead load carried by steel beam alone.
 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM
Stress in composite beam due to Moment
 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM
Condition: Neutral axis lies below the slab & d/t <
Ac/3As

Ac = b*t / k*m
K 1 for live load & 3 for dead load
m Modular ratio Es/Ec
Kc = Ac/(Ac+As)
Yc = (yts+ec)*Kc
Ic = Is+Ac.t^2/12+(yts+ec)yc.As
Ytc = yts-yc
 Ybc = ybs+yc
Ycc = ytc+ec+t/2
Stress at top of steel beam f = Mc.ytc/Ic
Stress at bottom of steel beam fb = Mc.ybc/Ic
Stress at top of concrete fc = Mc.ycc/Ic
Vertical shear is resisted by the web of the
section.
Shrinkage stresses
Compression Ft = 0.0002 Es (Kc + (ycc-0.5t) /
(Stc/Ac)
Tension Fb = 0.0002 Es (-Kc + (ycc-0.5t) /
(Sbc/Ac)