CHAPTER 3 :

SYSTEM OF EQUATION
3.1 LINEAR EQUATIONS
3.2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
3.3 SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
3.4 INEQUALITIES
3.1 LINEAR EQUATION
Introduction
An equation is simply a statement that 2
quantities are the same.
E.g. 4
5 9 LHS RHS
LHS RHS
A statement can be true or false is said
to be a conditional (or open) equation Think of an equation as a
as it is true for some values of the variable pair of perfectly balanced
old fashioned scales
& not true for others.
Equation =
For example: 2x + 3 = 7 is true for x = 2
but is false for x = 8 or other values.
Any number that makes the equation true
is called a solution or root of the
equation.
3.1 LINEAR EQUATION
Introduction
A statement such as 2 x 22 2x 11 is called an
identity as it is true for all real numbers x.
While solving equation, there may be no solution,
one solution or there may be more than one
solution.
For example:
Equation Solution Comment
x + 9 = 12 x=3 Only one solution
x2 = 81 x = 9 or 9 Two solutions
x=5+x No solution No solution
x2 16 = (x 4)(x + 4) All values of x Equation is true for all
values of x.
3.1 LINEAR EQUATION
Solving Linear equation with 1 variable
To solve an equation, we find the values of the
unknown that satisfy it.
How: Isolate the unknown / variable & solve its value.
A linear equation is an equation that can be written in
the form;
ax b 0

where a & b are real numbers.

Linear equations have only one root/ solution.
3.1 LINEAR EQUATION
Solving Linear equation with 1 variable
x 3 12 x 3 12
Add 3 to both sides Subtract 3 from both sides
x 3 3 12 3 x 3 3 12 3
x 15 x 9 Perform the
same
x operation
12 3 x 12 on both
3 sides
Multiply both sides by 3 Divide both sides by 3
x 3 x 12
3 312
Always check
3 3 3
in the
x 36 x4 original
equation
Example 1
Solve the equation x 7 3 x 6 x 8 .
Working Step

x 7 3x 6x 8 Parentheses removed
x 7 3 x 8 x terms combined

4x 7 8 3x added to both sides

4 x 15 7 added to both sides

15 Both sides divided by 4
x
4
PRACTICE 1
1. Solve the following equation : 2. Solve the given equation.
a) 5x 3 10 a) 6 4L 5 3L
x 3x
b) 12 b) 34 n n
c) 1.5 x 0.3x 4 6
2 4
2 x 36
c) x 10
3 5 5 d) 7 31 2 p 4 2 p
2x 3 2 3 57 3V
d) e) 2V
x 1 5 4
3.2 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Introduction
A quadratic equation contains terms of the first and
second degree of unknown is given by;
Standard
ax bx c 0
2
form
where a, b, c are real numbers and a 0.
A quadratic equation that contains terms of the 2nd
degree only of the unknown is called a pure
quadratic equation, can be expressed as ;
ax 2 c 0
A value of the unknown that will satisfy the equation
is called a solution or a root of the equation.
3.2 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Solving quadratic equation
All quadratic equations have two roots .
In pure quadratic equation , the roots are equal but of
opposite sign. It can solve by extraction of the root.
There are two methods of solving complete quadratic
equation;
By factorization
By using quadratic formula
Example 2
Solve the equation :
d) x 2 36 0
a) x 2 9
x 2 36
x 9 3
x 36 Where
b) x 2 16 0 1 i
x 1 36
x 2 16
x i 6
x 16 4 e) 2 x 5 5 3
2

c) 5R 2 89 0
5R 2 89
89
R2
5
89
R 4.219
5
3.2 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Solving quadratic equation -
Factorization

The expression ax bx c is written as the product

2

of two factors.
If the product of 2 factors is zero, then one of those
factors must be zero. Thus if mn 0 then either
m 0 or n 0.
Only be used if the quadratic expression can be
factorized completely.
Example 3
Solve the quadratic equation :
a) x 2 6 x 0
x x 6 0
x 0 or x 6 0
x6
b) 5 x 2 2 x 0
x 5 x 2 0
x 0 or 5 x 2 0
2
x
5 (x+4)
c) x 2 x 12 0 x 4 = 4x
x 4x 3 0
x 4 0 or x 3 0 x -3 = -3x
x 4 x 3 (x-3)
x2 -12 =x
Example 3
Solve the quadratic equation : (x+4)
x 4 = 4x
d) x 7 x 12 0
2

x 4x 3 0
x 3 = 3x
x 4 0 or x 3 0
(x+3)
x 4 x 3 x2 12 = 7x
e) x 2 6 x 7 0
x 1x 7 0
x 1 0 or x 7 0
x 1 x 7
f) x x 1 6
x2 x 6 0
x 2x 3 0
x 2 0 or x 3 0
x 2 x 3
PRACTICE 2
Solve the quadratic equation :
a) x 2 5 x 14 0
b) 3 x 2 10 x 8
c) 3 x 2 5 x 2 0
d) 6 x 2 11x 35 0
e) x 2x 4 16
3.2 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Solving quadratic equation
Quadratic Formula

For any quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the

solutions for x can be found by using the quadratic
formula:
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
The quantity b2 4ac is called discriminant of the
quadratic equation that characterize the solution of the
quadratic equations:
If b2 4ac = 0 one real solution
If b2 4ac > 0 2 real and unequal solutions
If b2 4ac < 0 no real but 2 imaginary solutions
(complex number)
Example 4
1. Solve the equation 2k 2 8k 5 0 by using the quadratic formula

Step 1 Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 2, b = 8, c = -5
b b 2 4ac
Step 2 Substitute into the formula: k
2a
8 8 2 42 5

22
8 104

4
The solutions are: b2 - 4ac > 0,
Step 3
2 real &
8 104 8 104 unequal
k1 k2
4 4 roots
0.5495 4.5495
Example 4
2. Solve the equation 4p 2 12 p 9 0 by using the quadratic formula

Step 1 Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 4, b = -12, c = 9
b b 2 4ac
Step 2 Substitute into the formula: p
2a
12 122 449

24
12 0

8 b2 - 4ac = 0,
Step 3 The solution is:
1 real root
12 3
p
8 2
Example 4
3. Solve the equation 3k 2 5k 4 0 by using the quadratic formula

Step 1 Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 3, b = -5, c = 4
b b 2 4ac
Step 2 Substitute into the formula: k
2a
b2 - 4ac < 0, 5 52 434

no real, 2 23
imaginary roots
5 23

6
5 1 23 5 i 23

Step 3 The solutions are: 6 6

5 i 23 5 i 23
k1 k2
6 6
0.83 i 0.8 0.83 i 0.8
PRACTICE 3
Solve the quadratic equation below by
using quadratic formula :
a) x 2 7 x 8 0
b) 9 x 2 49 42 x
c) 3 x 2 7 x 3 0
3
d) 2R
5R
e) s 2 9 s 1 2s
3.3 SYSTEMS OF EQUATION
Introduction
A system of equations contains 2 or more equations.
Each equation contains 1 or more variables.
a1x b1y c1 Where a & b are
coefficients of x & y,
a2 x b2 y c 2 c is a constant.

A solution of the system is any pair of values (x , y)

that satisfies the both equations.
2 methods that are usually used:
Substitution method
Elimination method
3.3 SYSTEMS OF EQUATION
Substitution Method
Step for solving by substitution:
Pick 1 of the equation & solve for 1 of the
variables in terms of the remaining variables.
Substitute the result in the remaining
equations.
If 1 equation in 1 variable results, solve the
equation. Otherwise, repeat Step 1 3 again.
Find the values of the remaining variables by
back substitution.
Check the solution found.
 Example 5 a
Solve the following system of equations
x 3y 6 Eq 1
Solution:
2x 3y 3 Eq 2
Step 1 From Eq 1, make x as subject: x 6 3y
Step 2 Substitute x in Eq 2 : 26 3 y 3 y 3
Step 3 Solve for y : 12 6 y 3 y 3
9 y 9
y 1
Step 4 Substitute y in Eq 1, to solve for x: x 6 3 1 3

Step 5 Check the solution : Eq 1, 3 3(-1) = 6

Eq 2, 2(3) + 3(-1) = 3
 Example 5 b
Solve the following system of equations
x 2y 8 Eq 1 The solution is
Solution: the intersection
3y 4 x 1 Eq 2
point (2,3)
Step 1 From Eq 1, make x as subject: x 8 2y
Step 2 Substitute x in Eq 2 : 3 y 48 2y 1
Step 3 Solve for y : 3 y 32 8 y 1
11y 33
y 3
Step 4 Substitute y in Eq 1, to solve for x:
x 8 23 2

Step 5 Check the solution :

Eq 1; 2 + 2(3) = 8
Eq 2; 3(3) 4(2) = 1
 Example 5 c
Solve the following system of equations
4 x 2y 8 Eq 1 The lines are
Solution: parallel & no
2x y 5 Eq 2
intersection
Step 1 From Eq 2, make y as subject: y 5 2x
Step 2 Substitute y in Eq 1 : 4 x 25 2x 8
4 x 10 4 x 8
10 8

Step 3 The result is a false statement.

Therefore the system is inconsistent.

It means that there is no solutions for
this system of equations
 Example 5 d The lines is
Solve the following system of equations coincide, the
systems has
2x y 4 Eq 1 infinitely many
Solution:
6 x 3y 12 Eq 2 solution

Step 1 From Eq 1, make y as subject: y 4 2x

Step 2 Substitute y in Eq 2 :
6 x 34 2x 12
6 x 12 6 x 12
12 12
Step 3 The result is a true statement.

Therefore the system is dependent.

It means that there is no unique
solutions can be determined.
3.3 SYSTEMS OF EQUATION
Elimination Method
Step for solving by elimination:
Write xs, ys & numbers in the same order in both
equations.
Compare xs & ys in the 2 equations & decide which
unknown is easier to eliminate. Make sure the number
of this unknown is the same in both equations.
Eliminate the equal terms by adding or subtracting the 2
equations
Solve the resulting equation & substitute in the simpler
original equation in order to find the value of the other
unknown.
Check the solution found.
 Example 6 a
Solve the following system of equations
7y 6 4 x Eq1
Solution:
3 x 2y 19 Eq 2 Multiply by a
constants to
Step 1 Rearrange the eq: 4 x 7y 6 Eq1 get same
3 x 2y 19 Eq 2 coefficient of x
Step 2 To eliminate x, Eq1 multiply by 3, Eq 2 multiply by 4
12x 21y 18 Eq3
12 x 8y 76 Eq 4
Step 3 Eq 3 Eq 4, solve for y : 21y 8 y 18 76
29 y 58
y 2
Step 4 Substitute y in Eq 1, to solve for x: 4 x 6 7 2
20
x 5
4
Step 5 Check the solution :
 Example 6 b
Solve the following system of equations
Solution: 3 x 2y 4 Eq1
x 3y 2 Eq 2
Step 1 To eliminate x, Eq2 multiply by 3;
3 x 2y 4 Eq1
3 x 9y 6 Eq3
Step 2 Eq 1 Eq 3, solve for y : 2y 9 y 4 6
11y 2
2
y
11
2
Step 3 Substitute y in Eq 2, to solve for x: x 3 2
11
11x 6 22
16
x
Step 4 Check the solution : 11
PRACTICE 4
Solve the following system by using
A. Substitution method B. Eliminatio n method
1) 2 x y 5 1) 2 x 2y 5
6 x 2y 5 x 6y 1
2) 2m 6n 3 2) 9m 6n 12
6m 18n 5 2m 6n 4
3) 5K 2L 4 3) 2R S 4
10K 6L 3 6R 3S 12
4) x 2 y 2 4 4) y x 2 2 x 2
xy 2 y 3x 8
3.4 INEQUALITY
Introduction
An inequality is a statement involving 2 expressions
separated by any of the inequality symbols below.
Inequality Meaning
a>b a is greater than b
a<b a is less than b
ab a is greater than or equal to b
ab a is less than or equal to b

A real number is a solution of an inequality involving

a variable if a true statement is obtained when the
variable is replaced by the number.
The set of all real numbers satisfy the inequality is
called the solution set.
3.4 INEQUALITY
Inequality, Interval Notation & Line Graph
Inequality Interval Graph
a b
Notation Notation
axb [ a, b ]
a<xb ( a, b ]
ax<b [ a, b )
a<x<b ( a, b )
xb [ b, )
x>b ( b, )
xa ( -, a ]
x<a ( -, a )
 3.4 INEQUALITY
Properties of Inequality
Properties Example
Let a, b & c be any real number
If a < b and b < c, then a < c If 2 < 3 & 3 < 8 so 2 < 8
If a < b, then a c < b c 5 < 7, 5 + 3 < 7 + 3, 8 < 10
5 < 7, 5 - 3 < 7 - 3, 2 < 4
If a < b, c > 0 then ac < bc 5 < 7, 5(2) < 7(2), 10 < 14
If a < b, c < 0 then ac > bc 5 < 7, 5(-2) > 7(-2), -10 > -14
If a < b, c > 0 then a/c < b/c 5 < 7, 5/2 < 7/2, 2.5 < 3.5
If a < b, c < 0 then a/c > b/c 5 < 7, 5/(-2) > 7/(-2), -2.5 > -3.5
Similar properties hold if < between a and b is replaced
by , > , or .
 Example 7
Solve each of the following inequaliti es :
a) 3 x 10 4 x 7 b) 4 x 5 2 x 9
3 x 4 x 7 10
x 17
Divide by
ve no , x 17
reverse
sign
6 x 4 2x 1
c) 3 7 x 2 x 21 d)
5 3
Example 8
Solve each of the following inequaliti es :
a) 11 3 x 2 4
11 3 x 2 and 3x 2 4
9 3x 3x 6
3 x x2 Solution
Therefore 3 x 2 or x 2, 1, 0,1 set

b) 10 3 x 2 x 7 x 13
10 3 x 2 x 7 and 2 x 7 x 13
5 x 17 x 6
17
x Impossible to have x that
5 satisfies both inequalities
Therefore there is no solution.
PRACTICE 5
1. If x is an integer, find the solution set for 3 x 1 5.
1
2. Determine the range of values of x satisfying 4.
x
3. Solve the inequality :
a) 32 x 1 5x 1 7 x
b) 1 2x 5 7
4. Find the minimum cost C (in dollars) given that
5C 25 1.75 2.5C
5. Find the maximum profit P (in dollars) given that
6P 2500 4P 2400