The bandwidth of the transmitted signal is much

greater than the original message bandwidth

Transmitted signal bandwidth is determined by
a spreading function (code), independent of the
message, and known to the transmitter and
receiver

Narrow band signal Wideband signal

 TDMA allocates a time instant for a user
FDMA allocates a frequency band for a user
CDMA allocates a code for user
Coverage
For Coverage, CDMA saves
wireless carriers from deploying
the 400% more cell site that
are required by GSM
Clarity
CDMA with PureVoice
provides wireline clarity
Capacity Cost
CDMAs capacity supports at
$ $
A carrier who deploys CDMA
least 400% more revenue-producing instead of GSM will have
subscribers in the same spectrum a lower capital cost
when compared to GSM
Choice Customer satisfa
CDMA offers the choice of simultaneous The Most solid foundation for
voice, async and packet data, FAX, and attracting and retaining subscriber
SMS. is based on CDMA
 CDMA use technique Spread Spectrum

The unwanted signals with different codes

get spread even more, making them like
noise to the receiver.
 OCCUPIES A LARGER BANDWIDTH THAN
NECESSARY
USE OF A CODE WHICH IS INDEPENDENT OF THE
TRANSMITTED DATA
The maximum length of any PN sequence is 2N-1
and sequences of that length are called
Maximum-Length Sequences or m-sequences
 EASY TO INTRODUCE LARGE PROCESSING GAIN
GENERATION OF PN SEQUENCE IS SIMPLE
GOOD AUTO CORRELATION
FOLLOWS MODULO TWO ADDITION(EX OR)
 Advantages:
Resists intentional and non-intentional interference
Has the ability to eliminate or alleviate the effect of
multipath interference
Can share the same frequency band (overlay) with other
users
Privacy due to the pseudo random code sequence (code
division multiplexing)
Disadvantages:
Bandwidth inefficient
Implementation is somewhat more complex.
Increased system complexity required for encoding,
synchronization and decoding

10
 Period
of one
data bit

Period
of one
chip

PG = SF = Tb /
Tc
 Code gain, for BPSK
Larger Gp improves noise immunity, but more
transmission BW is required
For synchronous multiple access code cross-
correlation minimized

Jamming margin
Tells the magnitude of additional interference and
noise that can be injected to the channel without
hazarding system operation.
 Synchronization uncertainty
Time uncertainty
Distance between Tx-Rx (propagation delay)
Relative clock shifts
Different phase between Tx-Rx (carrier, PN sequence)
Frequency uncertainty
Two steps:
1. Acquisition (coarse alignment)
2. Tracking (fine alignment)
 Received signal and the locally generated PN
sequence are correlated with a coarse time
step to produce a measure of similarity
between the two.
 If not exceeded, sequence is advanced by
Tc/2 and repeat correlation process.
1. Direct Sequence (DS)
2. Frequency Hopping (FH)
3. Hybrid (DS/FH)
4. Pulse FM System (Chirp)
5. Time Hopping (TH)
 DSSS is the basis for CDMA cellphones and
802.11 wireless transmission.

It multiplies the data bits by a very fast

pseudo-random bit pattern (PN sequence)
that "spreads" the data into a large coded
stream that takes the full bandwidth of the
channel.
 Data signal multiplied by Pseudo Random
Noise Code(PN Code)
Low cross-correlation value between different
codes (ie, orthogonal nature of codes)
Anti-jamming
 FHSS continuously changes the center frequency of

a conventional carrier several times per second

according to a pseudo-random set of channels

The carrier frequency is 'hopping' according to
a unique sequence
 Frequency hopping
Data signal is modulated with a narrowband
carrier signal that hops from frequency to
frequency as a function of time over a wide band of
frequencies
Relies on frequency diversity to combat
interference; This is accomplished by multiple
frequencies, code selection and Frequency Shift
Keying methods

21
 Hopping pattern is known to both transmitter &
receiver.
In order to properly receive the signal, the receiver
must be set to the same hopping code and listen to
the incoming signal at the right time and correct
frequency.
The net effect is to maintain a single logical
channel if synchronizing sender and receiver
properly.
Unintended receiver see FHSS to be short time
impulse noise.

22
 One or more data bits are transmitted within
one frequency Hop.

Advantage:
Coherent data detection is possible.

Disadvantage:
If one frequency hop channel is jammed, one
or more data bits are lost. So we are forced to
use error correcting codes.

23
 One data bit is divided over more Frequency Hops.
Advantage:

error correcting codes are not needed.

Disadvantage:
Coherent data detection is not possible because of
phase discontinuities. The applied modulation
technique should be FSK or MFSK.

24
26
27
 Self-jamming is a problem in a CDMA system.
Self-jamming arise because the PN sequence
are not exactly orthogonal, non-zero
contributions from other users in the system
arise

The near- far problem occurs at a CDMA

receiver if an undesired user has high
detected power as compared to the desired
user.

28
 FH applies usually non-coherent modulation
due to carrier synchronization difficulties ->
modulation method degrades performance
Both methods can be used in military
techniques
FH can be advantageous because the hopping span can
be very large (makes eavesdropping difficult)
DS can be advantageous because spectral density can
be much smaller than background noise density
(message can not be noticed)
 By using hybrid systems some benefits can be
combined: The system can have a low
probability of interception and negligible
near-far effect at the same time.
 Robustness relates to an accurate decoding of
a signal when parts of a signal are blocked

robustness property ensures correlations

among channels producing complex,
associative networks as a by-product. We refer
to this as the principle of robust overdesign.

robustness promotes enough redundancy to

allow for a subsequent specialization of
redundant components into novel signals.
A METHOD OF COMMUNICATING
OVER A WIRELESS INDOOR
TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL
 The reliable transmission of high data rate
information through the short hop radio channel
(i.e. a wireless channel having receiver-
transmitter distance of less than 1 km)

The physical nature of the indoor radio channel

causes random distortive effects (multipath) that
can render a communications system inoperable.
 A chirp is a signal in which the frequency increases
('up-chirp') or decreases ('down-chirp') with time.
It is commonly used in sonar and radar,
Other applications, such as in spread spectrum
communications.
The rate at which their frequency changes is called the
chirp rate.
 In binary chirp modulation, binary data is
transmitted by mapping the bits into chirps of
opposite chirp rates.
For instance, over one bit period "1" is assigned a
chirp with positive rate a and "0" a chirp with
negative rate a.
Chirps have been heavily used in radar applications
Advanced sources for transmission and matched
filters for reception of linear chirps are available
The method comprising the steps of:
Generating a pulsed signal in which information
is carried in the phase of the pulsed signal
Spreading the pulsed signal using a dispersive
filter to form a chirp spread spectrum signal
Transmitting the chirp spread spectrum signal
over a wireless indoor telecommunications
channel
The transmitter comprising:
Pulsed signal generator incorporating a
modulator;
A data source;
A differential phase modulator connected to receive data
from the data source
A dispersive filter bank comprising filters. The
output of the dispersive filter bank being a chirp
spread spectrum signal
An RF section for upconverting the chirp spread
spectrum signal for transmission.
The receiver comprising:
An RF receiving section configured to produce a received
chirp spread spectrum signal as output;
An inverse dispersive filter bank matched to the
dispersive filter bank in the transmitter and connected to
receive the chirp spread spectrum signal from the RF
receiving section and generate a received pulsed signal;
A phase demodulator bank connected to the inverse
dispersive filter bank, the phase demodulator bank
generating cophased channel impulse responses from the
received pulsed signal;
A low-pass filter bank on the output of the phase
demodulator bank for generating data symbols from the
cophased channel impulse responses; and
A data extractor bank connected to the low pass filter
bank, the data extractor bank recovering originally
transmitted information from the data symbols and
having data as output.