Presented by:

Shadab Ahmad
1416121035 (EN 3rd year)
 Introduction to water jet
Why use water jet
History
How water jet works
Types of water jet
Applications
Advantages / disadvantages
conclusion
 It is a tool using a jet of water at high velocity and
pressure
The process is same as water erosion found in nature but
is greatly accelerated and concentrated.
True cold cutting process no HAZ, no mechanical stresses
and environmental hazards.
Not limited to machining It has food industrial
applications.
They are fast, flexible, reasonably precise.
 It can cut almost everything, with greater
efficiency and productivity.
It is one of the fastest growing major
machine tool processes in the world due to
its versatility and ease of operation.
Water jets cut accurately, reduced scrap-
saving money through greater material
utilization.
As it is software oriented, we get correct
shape, dimensions and size.
 Dr. Franz in 1950s first studied water cutting
for forestry and wood cutting.
1979 Dr. Mohamed Hashish added abrasive
particles to increase cutting force and ability to
cut hard materials including steel, glass and
concrete.
First commercial use was in automotive
industry to cut glass in 1983.
Soon after, adopted by aerospace industry for
cutting high-strength materials like stainless
steel and titanium as well as composites like
carbon fiber.
 High pressure (60,000 pound/square inch),
which when bombarded on the work piece
erodes the material.
A high velocity water jet when directed at a
target in such a way that, its velocity in
virtually reduced to zero on striking the
surface. Because of this water jet will make a
hole in the material if the pressure is high
enough.
Many variables such as nozzle orifice
diameter, water pressure, cutting feed rate and
the stand distance affect the performance.
 The two types of water jets
Pure water jet
Abrasive water jet

A pure water jet is used to cut soft materials, and

within just 2 minutes the very same water jet can be
transformed into an abrasive water jet to cut hard
materials by adding abrasives to it.

Pure water jet uses pure pressurized water whereas

abrasives water jet uses abrasives like Aluminum
oxide, silicon carbide and garnet.
 Schematic diagram of
pure water jet cutting:

1) Water under pressure

2) Water nozzle
3) Pure water jet
4) Work piece
5) Cut width
 Pure Water jet is the original water cutting
method. In which pure water is compressed at
very high pressure & released through a
narrow opening.
It forms water jet, which comes out at the
speed of up to 850 m/s
The largest uses for pure water jet cutting are
disposable diapers, tissue paper, and
automotive interiors .
Provides Very thin stream (0.004 to 0.010 inch)
in diameter is the common range) .
Very little material loss due to precise cutting.
 Non-heat cutting ,Usually cuts very quickly.
Able to cut soft, light materials(e.g., fiber glass
insulation up to 24" thick).
Used to cut soft, thin, or porous material
Silicone
VCT (tile)
Foam
Cork
Teflon
Composites
Plastic
 Schematic diagram of
abrasive water jet cutting:
1. Water under pressure
2. Water nozzle
3. Water jet
4. Abrasive feed (unpressurised)
5. Mixing chamber (vacuum
chamber)
6. Abrasive nozzle (focusing tube)
7. Water jet with abrasive
8. Cut width
 In the abrasive water jet, the water jet stream
accelerates abrasive particles and those particles
,not the water, erode the material.
The abrasive Water jet is hundreds of times
more powerful than a pure Water jet.
Extremely versatile process, No Heat Affected
Zones, No mechanical stresses
Easy to program
Thin stream (0.020 to 0.050 inch in diameter)
10 inch thick cutting, Little material loss due to
cutting
Quickly switch from pure water jet to abrasive
water jet.
 The applications and materials, which are generally machined
using WJ and AWJ, are given below:

Application Materials
Paint removal Steels
Cleaning Non-ferrous alloys
Cutting soft materials Ti alloys, Ni- alloys
Cutting frozen meat Polymers
Textile, Leather industry Honeycombs
Surgery Metal Matrix Composite
Cutting Ceramic Matrix Composite
Drilling Concrete
Turning Stone Granite
Glass Fiber Metal Wood
Reinforced plastics
Abrasive Waterjet
 9.25 Aluminum
Red Tinted Glass
 Different engineering components machined with
Stainless steel plate AWJ, shows the obtainable accuracy and precision
(50 mm thick) machined with
AWJ
 There are no heat affected zones (HAZ)
The material does not get warped, discolored or
hardened
Ability to manufacture burr-free parts
No jagged edges or burrs
Near net shape cutting
Eliminates the need for secondary operations
Can cut through thick materials
Up to 12 in thickness
 Cheaper than other processes.
Cut any material. (mild steel, copper, brass,
aluminum; brittle materials like glass, ceramic,
quartz, stone)
Make all sorts of shapes with only one tool.
Unlike machining or grinding, water jet cutting
does not produce any dust or particles that are
harmful if inhaled.
 Leaves a smooth finish, thus reducing
secondary operations.
Clean cutting process without gasses or
oils.
Water jet cutting can be easily used to
produce prototype parts very efficiently.
An operator can program the dimensions
of the part into the control station, and the
water jet will cut the part out exactly as
programmed.
Get nice edge quality from different
materials.
 A limited number of materials can be cut
economically. While it is possible to cut tool
steels, and other hard materials, the cutting rate
has to be greatly reduced.
Another disadvantage is that very thick parts
can not be cut with water jet cutting and still
hold dimensional accuracy. If the part is too
thick, the jet may dissipate some, and cause it to
cut on a diagonal.
Taper is also a problem with water jet cutting in
very thick materials. Taper is when the jet exits Water jet lag
the part at a different angle than it enters the
part, and can cause dimensional inaccuracy.
 Water jet cutting is a cold process, so there
is no structural influence.
The heat transfer during laser, plasma and
flame cutting changes the structure
 Relatively new technology has caught on
quickly and is replacing century-old methods
for machining.
Used not only in typical machining
applications, but food and soft-goods
industries
As material and pump technology advances
faster cutting rates, longer component life and
tighter tolerances will be achievable
Gave us the way for new machining processes
that embrace simplicity and have a small
environmental impact