the cardiovascular circulatory system lymphatic circulatory system. general functions of the combined circulatory systems is the transport and homeostatic distribution of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, body heat, body fluids and solutes, and immune system components. This circulation is accomplished by moving fluids and solutes throughout the body.
The body and cells are maintained in an aqueous
environment Cardiovascular system composed of the heart and a series of vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins). The heart serves as an in-line pump to propel the contents of the cardiovascular system throughout the body Three basic layers located in the walls of circulatory system vessels : Tunica intima (endothelium) Tunica media (vascular smooth muscle) Tunica adventitia (vascular connective tissue) Heart organ whose function is to pump the blood.
Arteries series of efferent vessels
that become smaller as they branch, function to carry the blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the tissue
Capillaries smallest blood vessels,
complex network of thin tubules, Types of microcirculation formed by small as an interchange between blood blood vessels. (1) The usual sequence of arteriole > metarteriole > capillary > and tissue. venule and vein. (2) An arteriovenous anastomosis. (3) An arterial portal system, as is present in the kidney glomerulus. (4) A venous portal system, Veins convergence of the capillaries as is present in the liver. into a system of channels that become larger as they approach Tunica Intima The innermost layer which borders the lumen, is composed of: an epithelia, a thin basal lamina, region of loose connective tissue lamina propria (subendothelial connective tissue). The lumen of all blood vessels is lined by a simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium.
The glycocalyx of the endothelium is
negatively charged, repelling the negatively charged blood cells, so that the blood cells do not stick to the surface. Tunica Media The middle layer is the tunica media, composed primarily of smooth muscle cells arranged in rings around the lumen of the vessel. These circumferentially arranged vascular smooth muscle Tunica Adventitia The outermost layer is the tunica adventitia, composed of a dense irregular connective tissue with extensive collagen type I and elastic fibers. The tunica adventitia serves to anchor the blood vessel to surrounding tissues. Within the tunica adventitia of larger vessels are found vasa Arteries The arteries are a series of blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. In general, arteries will have a tunica media that is equal to or greater in thickness than the tunica adventitia. Arteries will also have very thick wall in relation to the lumen diameter. 2 types: Elastic and Muscular. Elastic Arteries Elastic arteries are the aorta and branches of the aorta. Elastic arteries are named because of the accumulation of elastic fibers present within the tunica media, required to allow the aorta to recoil in response to the high blood pressure from the heart. Muscular Arteries Muscular arteries are smaller arteries involved with distributing blood to individual organs and regions within the organ.
In muscular arteries, there is an accumulation of
elastic fibers at the boundary between the tunica intima and the tunica media (internal elastic lamina) and between the tunica media and tunica adventitia (external elastic lamina). The thickness of the tunica media is approximately the same as the tunica adventitia.
Muscular arteries will also often have a
scalloped appearance to the lumen, when the wall is not stretched by the presence of blood. Diagrams of a muscular artery prepared by H&E staining (left) and an elastic artery stained by Weigerts method (right). The tunica media of a muscular artery contains predominantly smooth muscle, whereas the tunica media of an elastic artery is formed by layers of smooth muscle intercalated by elastic laminas. The adventitia and the outer part of the media have small blood vessels (vasa vasorum) and elastic and collagenous fibers. Arterioles Arterioles have a major role in regulation of blood pressure passing through a capillary bed. These vessels will have much narrower lumens, a tunica intima, a thin tunica media (normally 2-4 layers of smooth muscle cells), and virtually no tunica adventitia. The walls of arterioles will often appear as being almost exclusively tunic media. Capillaries Capillaries are the smallest vascular channels in the body. Capillary beds are the major site for exchange of oxygen, nutrients and other substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. Capillaries are composed of tubes of endothelial cells with a lumen diameter of 5-10 um. The diameter of a red blood cell is approximately 7.5 um, so red blood cells will have to flow single-file through the capillary and maintain close contact with the capillary wall. Materials pass through the wall of the capillary in a variety of walls. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to diffuse down their concentration gradients through the endothelial cells by passing through the thin region of cytoplasm. Materials such as glucose can be moved against their concentration gradient by active transport within membrane-bound vesicles which pass through the cell. 3 basic type: continuos, fenestrated and discontinuos sinusoidal capillaries. Continuos capillaries Absence of fenestrea in the wall Found in all types of muscle tissue, connective tissue, exocrine gland and nervous tissue. Have pinocytotic vesicles present on both surfaces of endothelial cells. Appear as isolated vesicles in the cytoplasm. S/times can fuse forming the transendothelial channels which responsible for the transport of macromolecules in both directions across the endothelial cytoplasm. Fenestrated Capillaries Also known as visceral capillary Has circular transcellular openings in the endothelium membrane called fenestrae Each fenestrae is obliterated by a diaphragm that is thinner than a cell membrane. Basal lamina of the fenestrated capillaries is continuos Found in the kidneys, intestines, and certain endocrine organs. In addition, there may be gaps between endothelial cells to allow exchange of larger Discontinuos sinusoidal capillaries Tortuous path and greatly enlarged diameter which slows the circulation of blood. Endothelial cells form a discontinuos layer and are separated from one another by wide spaces. Cytoplasm has multiple fenestrations without diaphragms Macrophage located either among or outside the cells of the endothelium Basal lamina discontinuos Post-capillary venules (pericytic venules) are structurally similar to capillaries. These venules have very thin walls but their lumens are much wider. White blood cells leave the blood stream to enter the surrounding tissues by the process of diapedesis These cells secrete substances which loosen the junctions between the endothelial cells for passage. Muscular venules are larger vessels with a lumen diameter approximately 50 -200 um found accompanying arterioles. The wall of muscular venules is relatively thin, with 1-2 layer of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media. The tunica adventitia is usually much thicker than the media. Vein Veins are a series of blood vessels involved with storing and returning blood to the heart. Veins will have much thinner walls and much larger lumenal diameters.
The tunica adventitia will be much thicker than the
tunica media, which is usually has a thickness of only 2-4 layers of smooth muscle cells. The tunica adventitia is very elastic, and veins will often appear collapsed in the absence of blood to support the wall.
Because the blood flowing through the veins is
moving slow and very low pressure, the tunica intima extends into the lumen to form valves to prevent the backflow of blood below the heart.
Also in large veins, below the heart there may be
bundles of smooth muscle cells arranged longitudinally in the tunica adventitia. Heart The endocardium is equivalent to the tunica intima. It is lined by a simple squamous epithelial endothelium, with an underlying loose connective tissue subendocardium. The conductive system of the heart passes through the subendocardium. The myocardium is similar to the tunica media of blood vessels. Thickest tunics of the heart & consists of cardiac muscle cells. The difference is that the muscular layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle cells rather than smooth muscle cells. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and is similar to the tunica adventitia.
This region has a fibroelastic connective tissue and
may contain many white adipocytes.
Covering the epicardium (the surface away from the
lumen of the heart) is a simple squamous mesothelium called the visceral pericardium.
The presence of a serosa, rather than an adventitia,
provides a smooth mesothelial surface which reduces friction between the heart and surrounding structures during contraction. Unlike blood vessels, the heart also has the support of a more rigid skeleton-like structure.
The cardiac skeleton is a dense fibrous connective
tissue scaffold that extends into the core of the cardiac valves.
The cardiac valves, formed by a extension of
endothelium over the cardiac skeleton, control the direction of blood flow through the heart. Lymphatic system The lymphatic circulatory system is involved with the movement of excess tissue fluid, cellular debris, and lymphocytes. This circulatory system lacks a pump and requires muscle activity to aid in movement of the lymph. Lymph flows in one direction aided by an extensive series of valves. Lymph flows from the periphery toward the heart by eventually dumping into the cardiovascular system through the subclavian veins.
The lymphatic circulatory system begins as blind- These lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries and appear as a simple squamous epithelium with a larger lumenal diameter (up to 100 um).
The cells of a lymphatic capillary will have nuclei
which often bulge into the lumen, and have fewer tight junctions between cells.
Larger lymphatic vessels and ducts have walls which
resemble veins General categories of blood vessels and their functions