CHAPTER 4

INTRODUCTION
TO DIGITAL MODULATION

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 Learning Outcomes
Define digital modulation
Explain basic operation digital
modulation
Explain and calculate the Nyquist
sampling theorem
Predict consequence by choosing
inappropriate sampling

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 Why digital modulation???

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 4.0 Introduction
The RF spectrum must be shared, yet every day there
are more users for that spectrum as demand for
communications services increases.
Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to
convey large amounts of information than analog
modulation schemes

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5 December 7, 2021
 4.0 Introduction

•In the early 90’s, telecommunication networks is changing towards digital

world. With the rapid advancement in the fields of VLSI and
microprocessor, several telecommunication components such as
transmission line and switching has been using digital signals in their
operation.

•Therefore, information signals must be changed to digital form so that it

can be transmitted through this network.

-      
4.1 Digital Modulation
 Advantages :
 Immunity to noise (due to its finite process)
 Easy storage and processing: MP, DSP, RAM, ROM, Computer
 Regeneration
 Easy to measure
 Enables encryption
 Data from several sources can be integrated and transmitted using
the same digital communication system
 Error correction detection can be utilized

 Disadvantages :
 Requires a bigger bandwidth
 Analog signal need to be changed to digital first
 Not compatible to analog system
 Need synchronization
 4.2 TRANSMISSION METHOD FOR ANALOG &
DIGITAL SIGNALS
Analog Analog channel Analog
input Baseband output
Analog Analog De Analog
input Modulator
channel modulator output

Digital Digital decoder Digital

encoder
input channel output

Digital Analog Digital

Modem Modem
input channel output

Analog ADC & Digital Decoder Analog

input encoder channel & DAC output

Analog ADC & ADC & Analog

Modem Analog Modem
input encoder channel decoder output
 Digital Modulation – Model of Digital Comm.
 The model of Digital System is shown below:

Source Channel Digital

Encoder Encoder Modulation
Input Signal
TRANSMITTER Trans. Medium
or Channel

Source Channel Digital

Decoder Decoder Demodulation
Output Signal
RECEIVER

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 Baud / Symbol Rate
 Baud is rate of change of a signal on the transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have occurred
(symbols per seconds), the number of symbol changes at
output of the Modulator. It is the unit of symbol rate
 Bit is number of symbol change/processes at the input to
the Modulator (bits per second, bps).
 Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bit
of data.
 Binary signals; logic 1 => High, logic 0 => Low

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 Baud / Symbol Rate
 Signal bandwidth for the communications channel
needed depends on the symbol rate

example: A baud rate of 1 kBd = 1,000 Bd is

synonymous to a symbol rate of 1,000 symbols per
second

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 Baud and Minimum Bandwidth
1
baud  f s 
ts
baud = fs = symbol rate (baud per second)
ts = time interval of one signaling element (second)

symbol = one signaling element

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 M-ary Encoding

N  log 2 M 2 MN

N = number of bits necessary

M = number of conditions, levels, or

combinations possible with N bits

For binary M = 2  N = 1

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 Baud and Minimum Bandwidth

f b  f s N  2 BN  2 B log 2 M
fb = bitrate (bps)
fs = baud (symbols per second)
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
M = number of discrete signals or voltage levels
N = number of bits encoded into each symbol

 fb  fb
B 
 2 log 2 M  2N
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 Bandwidth / Representation
2000 bps
Increasing bandwidth
improves the
B=500 Hz representation of the data
signal.
B=1000 Hz
500Hz too low to
B=1700 Hz reproduce the signal.
Want to maximize the
B=4000 Hz capacity of the available
bandwidth.

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Bandwidth and information capacity
The information capacity of a communication system represents the
number of independent symbols that can be carried through the
system in a given unit of time.

By using Shannon limit for information capacity, the relationship

between Information capacity to the signal bandwidth and SNR is
defined below:

 S  S
I  B log 2 1    3.32 B log10 1  
 N  N
I = information capacity (bit/second)

B= system bandwidth (Hertz)

S/N =signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)

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 Chapter 4
Digital Modulation - Information Capacity/Baud/Bit

 EXAMPLE 1 :
A standard voice-band communication channels have a
SNR power of 1000 (30 dB) and signal Bandwidth of 2.7
kHz. Determine the information capacity.
Solution :

By using Shannon’s Limit, information

capacity is defined as:
I = (2.7 kHz)(3.32)log10 (1 + 1000) = 26.9 kbps

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 m(t) ms(t)

m(t) X ms(t)
t t

s(t)
Digital signal
s(t) t
Ts

A process of periodically sampling the continually

changing analog input voltage and convert it to a series of
constant amplitude pulses
Block diagram for digital transmission
system
ASK,
Sampling RZ,
FSK,
Quantization NRZ,
PSK
Coding AMI

Analog ADC Line coding Digital

transmission

Block diagram for digital transmission system

Sampling Theorem states that an analogue signal is
completely described by its samples, taken at equal
time
Intervals, the sampling frequency/sampling rate is
greater than, or equal to, twice the maximum
frequency component of the analogue signal
Nyquist theorem
states that:

fs  2 fm

fs= 2 x (bandwidth of analogue signal)

= 2B Hz
 The choice of sampling frequency, fs must follow the sampling theorem
to overcome the problem of aliasing and loss of information

(a) Sampling frequency=> fs1 < 2fm (max)

ms(f) Aliasing
Shannon sampling
theorem=> fs  2fm
f
fm fs1 2fs1 3fs1
Nyquist frequency
 fs = 2fm= fN
(b) Sampling frequency=> fs2 > 2fm (max)
ms(f)

f
fm fs2 2fs2 3fs2
Nyquist theorem

Ideal f s  2 f a

Aliasing fs  2 fa
 Therefore, the maximum
frequency that can be processed
by the sampled data using
sampling frequency, fs
(without aliasing) is:

fs > 2fm fm = fs / 2

= 1 / 2Ts

fs = 2fm fs < 2fm

2 types of sampling:

1. Natural Sampling

tops of the sample pulses retain their natural shape, making it difficult for
ADC to convert to PCM codes

2. Flat-top Sampling

input voltage is sampled with narrow pulses and then held relatively
constant until next sampling
 m(t)

Information signal
t

s(t)
Pulse signal 
t
Ts
Sampled signal (PAM)
ms(t)  ms(t)
   Ts 
t t
Ts Ts

Natural Sampling Flat-top Sampling

 Example 1:
Example 2 (Cont:)
 A television signal has If the sample have 1024
a bandwidth of 4.5 levels, determine the
MHz. Determine the number of bit required
sampling rate if the to encode each sample
signal is to be sampled
at a rate 20% above the
Nyquist rate

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 Example 3 (Cont:)
Determine the bit rate of
the binary coded signal ,
and minimum
bandwidth required to
transmit this signal

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 Solution 1:
Solution 3:

Fs = 2B= 9MHz
20% ((M) = 1.8 MHz Bit rate = sampling rate , fs
Therefore, (no. of binary, N)
Sampling rate = 9 M + 1.8 = 10.8 M (10)
M = 10.8 MHz =108 M bit/s

Solution 2:
Min bandwidth= fs/2
=108M/2 = 5.4 MHz
2N =1024
N= log 1024 / log 2 = 10 bit

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