UNDERSTANDING

PHYSICS
 WORLD OF PHYSICS
Why do the men sat at both side of the raft ?

How do a raft float on water ?

Why a rafts shape is a rectangle ? ?

Who is in control of the raft ?

 WORLD OF PHYSICS

Why does the girl did not sink in snow ?

What tool she used to prevent her from sinking ?

 WORLD OF PHYSICS

How do computer work ? What inside a

computer ?
 WORLD OF PHYSICS

How pencil was invented?

 WORLD OF PHYSICS

What makes a bullet train run faster ?

WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
Physics begins with observations

WHAT ARE YOUR OBSERVATIONS ?

To study Physics we have to ask questions .
an aerodynamic
shape cap

bends his
body
glasses

tight shirt

WHY ?
WOULD .. ?
HOW ?
Exploring Physics .

MAKING OBSERVATIONS AND CAREFUL

MEASUREMENT

SEARCH FOR THE ANSWERS

BY
EXPERIMENTS
USING MATHEMATICS TO
SUMMARIZE THE FINDING
Physics is.

A BRANCH OF SCIENCE CENTERED ON

THE STUDY OF

MATTER AND ENERGY

AND
THE CONNECTION
UNDERSTANDING
BASE AND DERIVED
QUANTITIES
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Property ascribed to phenomena, objects, or
substances that can be quantified ( or measured )

UNITS
Used in measurement and preferably written using
symbols.
SI UNITS
Identify the quantity that has been measured
Scientific notation is used for large and small
numbers

Form of number in scientific notation is

A x 10 n
where
A is a number between 1 10
and n is an integer
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Examples :
+ve

6 396 .0 = 6.396 x 103

16 100.0 = 1.61 x 104

-ve

0.006396 = 6.396 x 10- 3

SI UNITS

For a very large or small measurement, a set

of SI multiple and sub-multiple prefixes is adopted.
It represents multiples in integral powers of
10, and may be applied to any SI unit

Sub-multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol

10 -1 deci d 10 1 deca da
10 -2 centi c 10 2 hecto h
10 -3 mili m 10 3 kilo k
10 -6 micro 10 6 mega M
10 -9 nano n 10 9 giga G
10 -12 piko p 10 12 tera T
CONVERT INTO SI UNITS
Examples : By using sub -multiple prefix,
a quantity can be convert into
1. 20 cm SI Unit ; metre
scientific notation

20 cm = 20 x 10 -2 = 2.0 x 10 x 10 -2
= 2.0 x 10 -1 m
sub- multiple prefix

answer written in
scientific notation

2. 20 km By using multiple prefix, a

quantity can be convert into
SI Unit ; metre
20 km = 20 x 10 3 = 2.0 x 10 x 10 3
= 2.0 x 10 4 m
multiple prefix
QUESTION 1

State numbers below in scientific notation :

a. 100
b. 1 560
c. 3 333 666
d. 0.00 000 000346
Answers :
a. 1.0 x 10 2
b. 1.56 x 10 3
c. 3.333666 x 10 6
d. 3.46 x 10 -9
QUESTION 2

Convert to SI Unit :

a. 7 300 nm
b. 0.004 72 mA
c. 20 g
scientific notation

Answers : sub-multiple prefix

a. 7 300 nm = 7.3 x 10 3 x 10 9
scientific notation
= 7.3 x 10 -6 m

b. 0.004 72 mA = 4.72 x 10 3 x 10 3 sub-multiple prefix

= 4.72 x 10 6 A
QUESTION 2

Convert to SI Unit :
cases for mass are
c. 20 g different from the
other quantities

Answers :
c. 20 g = 20 x ( 1 / 10 3 ) ( gram to kilogram )
= 20 x 10 -3
= 2 x 10 x 10 -3
= 2 x 10 -2

This case is considered as if gram was the SI unit so

that sub-multiple and multiple prefixes can be used
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Property ascribed to phenomena, objects, or
substances that can be quantified ( or measured )

PHYSICAL QUANTITY

BASE QUANTITIES DERIVED QUANTITIES

Quantities which are defined
Quantities that
either by multiplying , dividing
cant be defined
or both , of other physical
with another
quantities ( defined in terms of
physical
base quantities by physics
quantities
equations )
BASE QUANTITIES
Consists of five quantities :
a. Length
b. mass
c. time
SI UNITS :
d. electric current
a. Length metre (m)
e. temperature
b. mass kilogram (kg)
c. time second (s)
d. electric current ampere (A)
e. temperature celcius (oC) /
Kelvin (K)
DERIVED QUANTITIES
Quantities derived from the base quantities
Examples :
a. Area, A = length x length
b. Volume = length x length x length
c. velocity = displacement / time
= length / time
d. density = mass / volume
= mass / (length x length x length )
QUESTION 3
Convert to SI Unit : Can you find the
answers for 3 b, c and d
a. 10 cm2 yourself ?

b. 10 cm3
c. 20 g/cm3
d. 200 kmj-1
Answers :
sub-multiple prefix
a. 10 cm2 = 10 x ( 1 cm ) x ( 1 cm )
= 10 x ( 10 -2 ) x ( 10 -2 )
= 10 x ( 10 -2 ) 2
= 10 x ( 10 -4 )
= 1 x ( 10 -3 ) m2
UNDERSTANDING
SCALAR AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

SCALAR VECTOR
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
Quantities that have Quantities that have
magnitude only. magnitude and
direction
 SITUATION 1 A car moves from point A to point B.

A B Distance

scalar quantity
2 km

What is the distance travelled ?

What is the distance travelled due east ?

vector quantity Displacement

SITUATION 2

what is the total distance travelled ?

B A C

50 m

20 m

what is the final displacement ?

SITUATION 3

what is the total distance travelled ?

Distance, d = 3 + 4 =7m

what is the final displacement ?

Displacement,s
= (3 2 + 4 2 )

4m = ( 9 + 16 )
= 25
= 5m

reference point 3m
TO FIND THE DIRECTION
final point
N

HYPOTHENUSE
E
4m OPPOSITE

reference point 3m ADJACENT

The angle of direction is the angle between

the reference point to reach final point

cos = (adjacent / hypotenuse)

sin = (opposite / hypotenuse)

cos = (opposite / adjacent)
 The angle of
TO FIND THE DIRECTION direction is the
final point
N angle between
the reference
HYPOTHENUSE point to reach
E final point
4m OPPOSITE

cos
= (adjacent / hypotenuse)
reference point 3m ADJACENT sin
OPPOSITE the side which facing the = (opposite / hypotenuse)
angle
cos
ADJACENT the side which situated near = (opposite / adjacent)
or close to the angle

HYPOTENUSE the longest side of the triangle

UNDERSTANDING
MEASUREMENTS
SENSITIVITY Instruments capability to respond
to physical stimuli or to register
small physical amounts or
differences.
Instruments ability to detect small
changes in the quantity by a quick
respond to its changes.

The smallest scale of division shows the sensibility of

the instruments.
The smallest scale division , more sensitivity the
measurement instruments.
PRECISION / CONSISTENCY

Instruments ability to register the same reading

when a measurement is repeated.

A high consistency shows a small deviation from

the real or mean/average value.

A deviation is the difference between a

measured value and mean/average value
Precision of an instrument can be determined by :

TASK 1 Find average value

Average = total of measurement / number of measurement

TASK 2 Find deviation

TASK 3 Find average deviation

Average deviation = total of deviation / number of measurement

TASK 4 Find relative deviation

Relative deviation = ( average deviation / average value ) x 100

The smaller relative deviation, the more precise the

instrument/reading
ACCURACY

Instruments ability to give readings close or

almost equal to actual value.

To improve the accuracy :

repeated readings are taken and the average
value is calculate
avoid parallax errors
avoid zero errors
 ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT

Error : mistakes we make when taking measurements

: limited the accuracy of the measurements

RANDOM ERRORS SYSTEMATIC

ERRORS ERRORS

i.e Parallax errors i.e zero errors

VERNIER CALIPERS
 The smallest scale division = 0.1 cm

0
main scale
1
cm

0 10

vernier scale Vernier scale has ten divisions

10 divisions on the vernier scale = 9 divisions on the main scale
10 divisions on the vernier scale = 0.9 cm
Thus, 1 division on the vernier scale = 0.9 / 10 = 0.09 cm

The difference between the sizes of 1 division on the main

scale and vernier scale = 0.1 0.09
= 0.01 cm
HOW TO TAKE A READING USING VERNIER CALIPER ?

object

Slide the vernier scale along the main scale until the
object is held firmly between the jaws of the caliper

Secure the scale position using screw clamp

HOW TO TAKE A READING USING VERNIER CALIPER ?
The reading on the vernier scale is
The reading on the main indicated by the mark on the vernier
scale is the mark preceding scale which is exactly in line or
the 0 on the vernier scale coincides with any main scale
division line

2 2.1 cm 3 main
cm scale

0 vernier scale 10

The reading on the main scale is 6 divisions = 6 x 0.01

determined with reference to the
0 on the vernier scale = 0.06 cm

The reading of the vernier caliper = Addition of the reading on main

scale and vernier scale
= 2.1 + 0.06
= 2.16 cm
 EXAMPLE

5 6 main scale
cm

0 vernier scale 10

Main scale reading = 5.1 cm

Vernier scale reading = 3 divisions

= 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 cm

Thus, caliper reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading

= 5.1 + 0.03
= 5.13 cm
ZERO ERROR
The starting position of the
pointer is not zero but some
other value

ZERO ERROR OF A VERNIER CALIPER

0 on the main scale is not in line with 0 on the vernier scale when
the jaws of the caliper are fully closed.

To eliminate the zero error :

correct reading = caliper reading zero error

POSITIVE ZERO ERROR

0 main scale 1
cm

0 vernier scale 10

3 divisions = 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 cm

Zero error = + 0.03 cm

NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR

0 main scale 1

0
-10 -5 vernier scale 10
0

- 6 divisions = - 6 x 0.01
= - 0.06 cm

Zero error = - 0.06 cm

MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
SENSITIVITY OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

The smallest scale division = 0.5 mm

main scale

Vernier scale has 50 divisions

SENSITIVITY OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

When the thimble is rotated through one complete turn, the

gap between the anvil and the spindle increases by 0.5 mm

one complete turn = 50 divisions

Thus, 50 divisions = 0.5 mm
1 division = 0.5 / 50 = 0.01 mm
HOW TO TAKE A READING USING MICROMETER
SCREW GAUGE ?

The thimble is turned until the object is gripped very

gently between the anvil and the spindle
The ratchet knob is turned until a click sound is heard
The ratchet knob is used to prevent the user from exerting
undue pressure
 HOW TO TAKE A READING USING MICROMETER
SCREW GAUGE ?

10.5 mm
0 5 10 40 34 divisions
= 34 x 0.01 scale
Thimble
35 = 0.34 mm

main scale 30

The last graduation on the sleeve

directly to the left of the revolving The reading on the thimble scale is the
thimble gives the main scale point where the horizontal reference
reading line of the main scale is in line with the
graduation mark on the thimble scale

The reading of the micrometer screw gauge

= Addition of the reading on main scale and thimble scale
= 10.5 + 0.34
= 10.84 mm
EXAMPLE

Main scale reading = 7.5 mm

Thimble scale reading = 38 divisions

= 38 x 0.01
= 0.38 mm

Thus, screw micrometer gauge reading

= main scale reading + thimble scale reading
= 7.5 + 0.38
= 7.88 mm
ZERO ERROR OF A MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
0 on the thimble scale is not in line with the horizontal reference
line on the main scale when the micrometer is fully closed.

POSITIVE ZERO ERROR

0
5

5 0
0

0
3 divisions = 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 mm

Zero error = + 0.03 mm

NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR

0
0 0 45
-5

45

0
-2 divisions = - 2 x 0.01
= - 0.02 mm

Zero error = - 0.02 mm

UNDERSTANDING
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATIONS
Never make conclusion based on
observation only , but do scientific
investigations first.

..\LINK FILES\ACCIDENT.EXE
 manipulated variable : a
SCIENTIFIC METHOD primary variable which
causes other secondary
OBSERVATIONS SKILLS
variables to change

using the senses

responding variable : a
secondary variable which
MAKING INFERENCES SKILLS
changes in response to
the change in the
a conclusion from an manipulated variable
observation and event

FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS SKILLS

general statement regarding the
relationship between the manipulated
variable and the responding variable
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS SKILLS

AIM What are our target / intention in conducting

experiment ?

To investigate relationship between the manipulated variable

and the responding variable

Factors or physical quantities which change

VARIABLES
in course of the investigation

Manipulated variables :
physical quantities which you control and change

Responding variables :
physical quantities which are the result of the changes
made to the manipulated variables
Constant variables :
physical quantities which are kept constant during the
experiment

APPARATUS What are the tools or materials needed to

carry out the experiment ?

How the tools or materials are set up ?

PROCEDURE Sequence of action /operation in order to

carry out the experiment

ANALYSING
Data Collection
Tabulating Data
Tabulating Data

The row at the top must contain the name of the variable,
symbol, and unit of measurement

Manipulated Responding Values that are derived

variables . variables . from the responding
variable
 Fixed at uniform intervals

Manipulated
variables .
Values in ascending or descending order

Responding
Obtained from measurements
variables .

Values that are derived Stated to the same number of

from the responding decimal places
variable
Drawing Graphs
Define variables
Manipulated variables are plotted on the x-axis and the responding
variables on the y-axis

Title and labeling the axes

Title : Variable on the y-axis against variable on the x-axis
Label : Name of the variable, symbol and unit

Scale of graphs
filling 2/3 of the graph paper
use an even scale
should start from the origin (0,0)
Plotting
mark with a small cross
draw a straight line or a smooth curve
number of point above and below are approximately equal.
ANALYSING GRAPHS

TYPE OF GRAPH

Linear graph
Curve graph

THE BEST STRAIGHT LINE

Line that passes through most of the points plotted such as that
it balanced by the number of points above and below the straight
line
ANALYSING GRAPHS

LABELING THE AXIS

T2 ( s2 )

Symbol and unit

X
X
SCALE X
Even scale X TRANSFORMATION OF DATA

X
SIZE PLOTTING

0 l ( cm )
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the gradient, m

T 2 ( s2 )

Draw a triangle X
with at least 3
X
points on the
X y
gradient ( not
less than half the X
size of the graph
drawn ) X
x

The gradient, m
0 l ( cm )
= y / x
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find values from the graph

T 2 ( s2 )
From point 75
X cm, draw a
vertical line to
T2 X
the graph drawn
T2 = a X

T = a X
Draw a horizontal
X
line towards the
y-axis

0 75 cm l ( cm )

Find a value for the period, T when the length of the pendulum is 75 cm
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the y- intercept, c

y
X
X
X

X
c

0 x

c is the value on y-axis when the value on x-axis is zero

ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the relationship between variables
y and x ; a straight line equation

y
X
X
X

X
c
y = mx + c

0 x
y = variable on y-axis
x = variable on x-axis
m = gradient
c = y- intercept
ANALYSING GRAPHS Give the equation of the graph

T 2 ( s2 )

X
X
X
X
X

0 l ( cm )
From y = mx + c

T2 = ml + c

T2 = ( )l
ANALYSING GRAPHS Relationship between the variables

y y Gradient is
y
negative

0 x 0 x 0 x
y is directly y is linearly y decrease as x
proportional to x proportional to x increase
yx
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the gradient, m
The gradient of the curve is not a constant
T( s)

l ( cm )
ANALYSING GRAPHS Relationship between the variables

T( s)

l ( cm )

y is inversely proportional to x