IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Water is one of the most important substances on

earth. All plants and animals must have water to
survive. If there was no water there would be no life on
earth
Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many
other uses for water. These include: cooking
washing their bodies
washing clothes
washing cooking and eating utensilskeeping houses and
communities clean
recreation; such as swimming pools
keeping plants alive in gardens and parks
 Different Sources of Water
Water resources are divisible into
two distinct categories :
the surface-water resources
the ground-water resources.
Each of these categories is a part
of the earth's water circulatory
system, called the hydrologic
cycle, and is derived from
precipitation, which is rainfall plus
snow.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
DISTRIBUTE OF WATER ON EARTH

This is how the water is distribute on Earth. If you

could see here that is most amount of water in the
oceans.
 POTABLE WATER
Water that is safe for drinking is called
Portable Water.
It is most important that the water which
people drink and use for other purposes is
Clean water. This means that the water must
be free of germs and chemicals and be clear
(not cloudy).
SOME DOMESTIC USES OF WATER
 WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these

bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is
damaging either to individual species and populations, but
also to the natural biological communities.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged

directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
 Types of Water Pollution
Water pollution
Any physical or chemical change in water that adversely
affects the health of humans and other organisms

Varies in magnitude by location

Eight categories
Sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution,
inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds,
inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal
pollution
SEWAGE OIL SPILLING
 IMPROVING WATER QUALITY-
PURIFICATION FOR DRINKING WATER
Treated water
distributed to
customers
Sewer lines bring
sewage to
treatment plant
Sewage treated
at sewage
treatment plant
 SANITATION
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting
health through prevention of human contact
with the hazards of wastes as well as the
treatment and proper disposal of sewage or
wastewater.
Sanitation conditions relating to public health,
especially the provision of clean drinking
water and adequate sewage disposal.
 SANITARY DEFINITIONS
Cleanfree of visible soil
Sanitizereduce the number of bacteria to a safe level
Sterilizeto make free of bacteria
Contaminationthe presence of harmful substances in food
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A
SANITATION PROGRAM
Microbiological testing
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing
Use of sanitation records
Training
 IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION
Health Perspective
Researchers have estimated that every year, there are roughly 1.3 to 4.0
million cases, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera.
Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under
five years old, and is responsible for killing around 7,60,000 children every
year.
 Engineering the Hydrologic Cycle
for Improved Health
Potable
Storage
Distribution
Source grid
River Treatment
Lake/Reservoir Plant
Groundwater

Wastewater
Repository
River Treatment
Lake/Reservoir Plant
Aquifer
Collection
grid
 SUSTAINABILITY
The maintenance of desired quantity and acceptable
quality standard of water supply services throughout the design
life of the water supply systems may be defined as sustainability.
The sustainability is with reference to:
Source quantity and quality
System infrastructures
 Factors affecting sustainability of
water sources

The depletion or lowering of water levels in groundwater and

surface water sources
Change/degradation of water quality due to over drawls or
contamination by domestic/industrial wastes/ waste water
 Elements of Sustainability
Source Sustainability: Ensuring availability of safe drinking
water in adequate quantity throughout the year

System Sustainability: Optimizing the cost of production of

water, devising proper protocol for O&M, building capacity
of PRIs and awareness generation

Financial Sustainability: Proper utilization of Finance

Commission and O&M funds under NRDWP guidelines and
recovering at least 50% cost through flexible methods
devised by the local self government and improving energy
efficiency
 List of Ground, Surface and Roof
water Harvesting Systems
Gully plugs
Recharge Pit
Contour trench/bund
Semi-circular trenches on slopes
Check dam/Nala bund
Percolation pond/tank
Sub-surface dyke
Injection well
Recharge shaft
Roof water harvesting
Traditional water harvesting structures
SUPPORT MODEL FOR SELECTION OF
SUSTAINABILITY STRUCTURES